Assuming the existence of a general nonuniform dichotomy for the evolution operator of a non-autonomous ordinary linear differential equation in a Banach space, we establish the existence of invariant stable manifolds for the semiflow generated by sufficiently small nonlinear perturbations of the linear equation. The family of dichotomies considered satisfies a general growth rate given by some increasing differentiable function, allows situations for which the classical Lyapunov exponents are zero, and contains the nonuniform exponential dichotomies as a very particular case. In addition we also give explicit examples of linear equations that admit all the possible considered dichotomies.
We obtain a local stable manifold theorem for perturbations of nonautonomous linear difference equations possessing a very general type of nonuniform dichotomy, possibly with different growth rates in the uniform and nonuniform parts. We note that we consider situations were the classical Lyapunov exponents can be zero. Additionally, we study how the manifolds decay along the orbit of a point as well as the behavior under perturbations and give examples of nonautonomous linear difference equations that admit the dichotomies considered.
In this paper we consider some concepts of exponential splitting for nonautonomous linear discrete-time systems. These concepts are generalizations of some well-known concepts of (uniform and nonuniform) exponential dichotomies. Connections between these concepts are presented and some illustrating examples prove that these are distinct.
We establish the existence of local stable manifolds for semiflows generated by nonlinear perturbations of nonautonomous ordinary linear differential equations in Banach spaces, assuming the existence of a general type of nonuniform dichotomy for the evolution operator that contains the nonuniform exponential and polynomial dichotomies as a very particular case. The family of dichotomies considered allow situations for which the classical Lyapunov exponents are zero. Additionally, we give new examples of application of our stable manifold theorem and study the behavior of the dynamics under pe…
In this paper we give a smooth linearization theorem for nonautonomous difference equations with a nonuniform strong exponential dichotomy. The linear part of such a nonautonomous difference equation is defined by a sequence of invertible linear operators on $\mathbb{R}^d$. Reducing the linear part to a bounded linear operator on a Banach space, we discuss the spectrum and its spectral gaps. Then we obtain a gap condition for $C^1$ linearization of such a nonautonomous difference equation. We finally extend the result to the infinite dimensional case. Our theorems improve known results even in…
In this paper, a new notion called the general nonuniform $(h,k,μ,ν)$-dichotomy for a sequence of linear operators is proposed, which occurs in a more natural way and is related to nonuniform hyperbolicity. Then, sufficient criteria are established for the existence of nonuniform $(h,k,μ,ν)$-dichotomy in terms of appropriate Lyapunov exponents for the sequence of linear operators. Moreover, we investigate the stability theory of sequences of non uniformly hyperbolic linear operators in Banach spaces, which admit a nonuniform $(h,k,μ,ν)$-dichotomy. In the case of linear perturbations, we invest…
For a general one-sided nonautonomous dynamics defined by a sequence of linear operators, we consider the notion of a polynomial dichotomy with respect to a sequence of norms and we characterize it completely in terms of the admissibility of bounded solutions. As a nontrivial application, we establish the robustness of the notion of a nonuniform polynomial dichotomy.
It is well-known that stable and unstable manifolds strongly influence fluid motion in unsteady flows. These emanate from hyperbolic trajectories, with the structures moving nonautonomously in time. The local directions of emanation at each instance in time is the focus of this article. Within a nearly autonomous setting, it is shown that these time-varying directions can be characterised through the accumulated effect of velocity shear. Connections to Oseledets spaces and projection operators in exponential dichotomies are established. Availability of data for both infinite and finite time-in…
The main purpose of this paper is to formulate new conditions for smooth linearization of nonautonomous systems with discrete and continuous time. Our results assume that the linear part admits a nonuniform polynomial dichotomy and that the associated polynomial dichotomy spectrum exhibits appropriate spectral gap and spectral band conditions. This is in sharp contrast to most of the previous results in the literature which assumed that the linear part admits an exponential dichotomy. Our techniques exploit the relationship between polynomial and exponential dichotomies via a suitable reparame…
We prove the existence of measurable invariant manifolds for small perturbations of linear Random Dynamical Systems evolving on a Banach space and admitting a general type of dichotomy, both for continuous and discrete time. Moreover, the asymptotic behavior in the invariant manifold is similar to the one of the linear Random Dynamical System.
In this paper, we study stability properties of nonuniform hyperbolicity for evolution processes associated with differential equations in Banach spaces. We prove a robustness result of nonuniform hyperbolicity for linear evolution processes, that is, we show that the property of admitting a nonuniform exponential dichotomy is stable under perturbation. Moreover, we provide conditions to obtain uniqueness and continuous dependence of projections associated with nonuniform exponential dichotomies. We also present an example of evolution process in a Banach space that admits nonuniform exponenti…
We outline a method for controlling the location of stable and unstable manifolds in the following sense. From a known location of the stable and unstable manifolds in a steady two-dimensional flow, the primary segments of the manifolds are to be moved to a user-specified time-varying location which is near the steady location. We determine the nonautonomous perturbation to the vector field required to achieve this control, and give a theoretical bound for the error in the manifolds resulting from applying this control. The efficacy of the control strategy is illustrated via a numerical exampl…
In this work we study permanence of hyperbolicity for autonomous differential equations under nonautonomous random/stochastic perturbations. For the linear case, we study robustness and existence of exponential dichotomies for nonautonomous random dynamical systems. Next, we establish a result on the persistence of hyperbolic equilibria for nonlinear differential equations. We show that for each nonautonomous random perturbation of an autonomous semilinear problem with a hyperbolic equilibrium there exists a bounded \textit{random hyperbolic solution} for the associated nonlinear nonautonomous…
We show the existence of nonautonomous invariant manifolds for planar, asymptotically autonomous differential equations, that have equilibrium solutions with zero Lyapunov spectrum. These invariant manifolds correspond to the stable and unstable manifold of a desingularized equation, that we obtain by using the blow-up method. More precisely, the blow-up method is extended to the nonautonomous setting and transforms the original finite-dimensional ordinary differential equation into an infinite-dimensional delay equation with infinite delay, but hyperbolic structure. In the technical construct…
In this work we study nonuniform exponential dichotomies and existence of pullback and forward attractors for evolution processes associated to nonautonomous differential equations. We define a new concept of nonuniform exponential dichotomy, for which we provide several examples, study the relation with the standard notion, and establish a robustness under perturbations. We provide a dynamical interpretation of admissibility pairs related with exponential dichotomies to obtain existence of pullback and forward attractors. We apply these abstract results for ordinary and parabolic differential…
Coarse grained, macroscale, spatial discretisations of nonlinear nonautonomous partial differential\difference equations are given novel support by centre manifold theory. Dividing the physical domain into overlapping macroscale elements empowers the approach to resolve significant subgrid microscale structures and interactions between neighbouring elements. The crucial aspect of this approach is that centre manifold theory organises the resolution of the detailed subgrid microscale structure interacting via the nonlinear dynamics within and between neighbouring elements. The techniques and th…
The paper develops and studies a very general notion of dichotomy, referred to as "nonuniform $(h,k,μ,ν)$-dichotomy". The new notion contains as special cases most versions of dichotomy existing in the literature. The paper then provides corresponding new versions of robustness, Hartman-Grobman theorem, and stable manifold theorem for nonautonomous dynamical systems in Banach spaces in term of the nonuniform $(h,k,μ,ν)$-dichotomy.
We develop a general compactification framework to facilitate analysis of nonlinear nonautonomous ODEs where nonautonomous terms decay asymptotically. The strategy is to compactify the problem: the phase space is augmented with a bounded but open dimension and then extended at one or both ends by gluing in flow-invariant subspaces that carry autonomous dynamics of the limit systems from infinity. We derive the weakest decay conditions possible for the compactified system to be continuously differentiable on the extended phase space. This enables us to use equilibria and other compact invariant…
We prove that smoothness of nonautonomous linearization is of class $C^2.$ Our approach admits the existence of stable and unstable manifolds determined by a family of nonautonomous hyperbolicities. Moreover, our goal is reached without spectral conditions.
In this paper we establish an invariant set bifurcation theory for the nonautonomous dynamical system $(\va_\lam,\0)_{X,\cH}$ generated by the evolution equation \be\label{e0}u_t+Au=\lam u+p(t,u),\hs p\in \cH=\cH[f(\.,u)]\ee on a Hilbert space $X$, where $A$ is a sectorial operator, $\lam$ is the bifurcation parameter, $f(\.,u):\R\ra X$ is translation compact, $f(t,0)\equiv0$ and $\cH[f]$ is the hull of $f(\.,u)$. Denote by $\va_\lam:=\va_\lam(t,p)u$ the cocycle semiflow generated by the equation. Under some other assumptions on $f$, we show that as the parameter $\lam$ crosses an eigenvalue $…
In a Banach space, assuming that a linear nonautonomous differential equation $v'=A(t)v$ admits a very general type of trichotomy, we establish conditions for the existence of global Lipschitz invariant center manifold of the perturbed equation $v'=A(t)v+f(t,v)$. Our results not only improve results already existing in the literature, as well include new cases.
We study mass preserving transport of passive tracers in the low-diffusivity limit using Lagrangian coordinates. Over finite-time intervals, the solution-operator of the nonautonomous diffusion equation is approximated by that of a time-averaged diffusion equation. We show that leading order asymptotics that hold for functions [Krol, 1991] extend to the dominant nontrivial singular value. This answers questions raised in [Karrasch & Keller, 2020]. The generator of the time-averaged diffusion/heat semigroup is a Laplace operator associated to a weighted manifold structure on the material manifo…
We study how the "full hierarchy" of invariant manifolds for nonautonomous integrodifference equations on the Banach spaces of $p$-integrable functions behaves under spatial discretization of Galerkin type. These manifolds include the classical stable, center-stable, center, center-unstable and unstable ones, and can be represented as graphs of $C^m$-functions. For kernels with a smoothing property, our main result establishes closeness of these graphs in the $C^{m-1}$-topology under numerical discretizations preserving the convergence order of the method. It is formulated in a quantitative fa…
We study the structure of the set of harmonic solutions to perturbed nonautonomous, T-periodic, separated variables ODEs on manifolds. The perturbing term is allowed to contain a finite delay and to be T-periodic in time.
We study asymptotically compact nonautonomous dynamical systems given by abstract cocycles in Banach spaces. Our main assumptions are given by a squeezing property in a quadratic cone field (given by a family of indefinite quadratic Lyapunov-like functionals) and asymptotic compactness. Under such conditions it is possible to reconstruct foliations as in the theory of normally hyperbolic manifolds. Our approach allows to unify many "practical" theories of local and nonlocal invariant manifolds, such as stable/unstable/center manifolds and inertial manifolds, and, moreover, it often leads to op…
We consider pattern-forming fronts in the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation with a traveling spatial heterogeneity which destabilizes, or quenches, the trivial ground state while progressing through the domain. We consider the regime where the heterogeneity propagates with speed $c$ just below the linear invasion speed of the pattern-forming front in the associated homogeneous system. In this situation, the front locks to the interface of the heterogeneity leaving a long intermediate state lying near the unstable ground state, possibly allowing for growth of perturbations. This manifests itself…
