Presence of correlations among the constituent quantum systems has a great relevance in thermodynamics. Significant efforts have been devoted to investigate the role of correlations in work extraction, among others. Here, we derive a bound on the difference between global and local extractable work by unitary operations (ergotropic gap), for bipartite separable states. Violation of this bound necessarily certifies the presence of entanglement. This gap is shown to be a monotone under LOCC assisted state transformations for pure bipartite quantum states. Our criterion has an implication in witnessing the dimension of a bipartite quantum state, with same local dimensions. On the other hand, our result gives an operational meaning to the Nielsen-Kempe disorder criterion. We also propose a schematic model to realize the separability bound experimentally and to detect entanglement for a restricted class of quantum states.
Extracting work from quantum system is one of the important areas in quantum thermodynamics. As a significant thermodynamic quantity, the ergotropy gap characterizes the difference between the global and local maximum extractable works. We derive an analytical upper bound of the ergotropic gap with respect to $d\times d\times d$ tripartite separable states. This bound also provides a necessary criterion for the separability of tripartite states. Detailed examples are presented to illustrate the efficiency of this separability criterion.
Ergotropic characterization of continuous variable entanglement
ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology（ICFO-光子科学研究所，巴塞罗那科学与技术研究院）；Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), CONICET（布宜诺斯艾利斯大学，布宜诺斯艾利斯物理研究所（IFIBA），阿根廷国家科学研究委员会）；School of Mathematical Sciences and Centre for the Mathematical and Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, University of Nottingham（诺丁汉大学数学科学学院及量子非平衡系统数学与理论物理中心）
In this paper, based on a matrix norm, we first present a ball of separable unnormalized states around the identity matrix for the bipartite quantum system, which is larger than the separable ball in Frobenius norm. Then the proposed ball is used to get not only simple sufficient conditions for the separability of pseudopure states and the states with strong positive partial transposes, but also a separable ball centered at the identity matrix for the multipartite quantum system.
We present a practical scheme for the decomposition of a bipartite mixed state into a sum of direct products of local density matrices, using the technique developed in Li and Qiao (Sci. Rep. 8: 1442, 2018). In the scheme, the correlation matrix which characterizes the bipartite entanglement is first decomposed into two matrices composed of the Bloch vectors of local states. Then we show that the symmetries of Bloch vectors are consistent with that of the correlation matrix, and the magnitudes of the local Bloch vectors are lower bounded by the correlation matrix. Concrete examples for the sep…
We address perfect discrimination of two separable states. When available states are restricted to separable states, we can theoretically consider a larger class of measurements than the class of measurements allowed in quantum theory. The framework composed of the class of separable states and the above extended class of measurements is a typical example of general probabilistic theories. In this framework, we give a necessary and sufficient condition to discriminate two separable pure states perfectly. In particular, we derive measurements explicitly to discriminate two separable pure states…
Every choice of an orthonormal frame in the d-dimensional Hilbert space of a system corresponds to one set of all mutually commuting density matrices or, equivalently, a classical statistical state space of the system; the quantum state space itself can thus be profitably viewed as an SU(d) orbit of classical state spaces, one for each orthonormal frame. We exploit this connection to study the relative volume of separable states of a bipartite quantum system. While the two-qubit case is studied in considerable analytic detail, for higher dimensional systems we fall back on Monte Carlo. Several…
According to usual definitions, entangled states cannot be given a separable decomposition in terms of products of local density operators. If we relax the requirement that the local density operators be positive, then an entangled quantum state may admit a separable decomposition in terms of more general sets of single-system operators. This form of separability can be used to construct classical models and simulation methods when only restricted set of measurements are available. With such motivations in mind, we ask what are the smallest such sets of local operators such that a pure biparti…
In this paper, we treat an asymptotic hypothesis testing (or state discrimination with asymmetric treatment of errors) between an arbitrary fixed bipartite pure state and the completely mixed state by one-way LOCC, two-way LOCC, and separable POVMs. As a result, we derive single-letterized formulas for the Stein's lemma type of optimal error exponents under one-way LOCC, two-way LOCC and separable POVMs, the Chernoff bounds under one-way LOCC POVMs and separable POVMs, and the Hoeffding bounds under one-way LOCC POVMs in the whole region of a parameter and under separable POVMs on a restricted…
In 2017 an idea considering a pair of Hermitian operators of product form was published, which is called ultrafine entanglement witnessing. In 2018 some rigorous results were given. Here we improve their work. First we point this idea can be directly derived from an earlier concept named joint separable numerical range and explain how it works as a series of witnesses. Second by a simple method we present a sufficient condition for an effective pair. Finally we prove this condition is necessary for optimization.
We consider bipartite entangled states that cannot outperform separable states in any linear interferometer. Then, we show that these states can still be more useful metrologically than separable states if several copies of the state are provided or an ancilla is added to the quantum system. We present a general method to find the local Hamiltonian for which a given quantum state performs the best compared to separable states. We obtain analytically the optimal Hamiltonian for some quantum states with a high symmetry. We show that all bipartite entangled pure states outperform separable states…
The strong connection between correlations and quantum thermodynamics raises a natural question about the preparation of correlated quantum states from two copies of a thermal qubit. In this work we study the specific forms of allowed and forbidden bipartite correlations. As a consequence, we extend the result to Separable (SEP) but not Absolutely Separable (AbSEP) class of product states. Preparation of a general form of entanglement from arbitrary thermal qubits is studied and as an application we propose a strategy to establish sustained entanglement between two distant parties. The thresho…
Epsilon-net method for optimizations over separable states
我们给出了优化问题的算法：$\max_ρ\ip{Q}ρ$，其中$Q$是一个厄米矩阵，变量$ρ$是一个二分{ \em可分}量子态。这个问题是量子计算和信息中几个问题的核心，例如QMA的复杂性。虽然这个问题是NP难的，但我们的算法在几个感兴趣的实例中比蛮力更好。特别是，他们给出了承诺问题的PSPACE上界，该承诺问题允许QMA（2）协议，其中验证者在两个证明上仅执行对数数量的基本门，以及决定二分局部哈密顿量是否具有大或小的基态能量的承诺问题。对于$Q\ge0$，我们的算法在$\|Q\|_F$中按时间指数运行。虽然这种算法的存在性最近由Brand{ \em Proceedings of the 43 rd annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computation}，343- 352，2011年首次证明，但我们的算法在概念上更简单。
Entangled quantum states can be given a separable decomposition if we relax the restriction that the local operators be quantum states. Motivated by the construction of classical simulations and local hidden variable models, we construct `smallest' local sets of operators that achieve this. In other words, given an arbitrary bipartite quantum state we construct convex sets of local operators that allow for a separable decomposition, but that cannot be made smaller while continuing to do so. We then consider two further variants of the problem where the local state spaces are required to contai…
Quantum coherence and quantum entanglement are two strong pillars in quantum information theory. We study here for the possibility of any connection between these two important aspects of quantum mechanics while studying the entanglement detection problem for the detection of bipartite higher dimensional entangled states and multipartite entangled states. To achieve our goal, we derive the lower bound $L$ of $l_{1}$ norm of coherence of bipartite qubit-qudit system using the criterion that detect entanglement. Furthermore, we deduce the upper bound $U$ of $l_{1}$ norm of coherence of separable…
Distinguishability of Quantum States by Separable Operations
利用可分操作研究了多体量子态的可分性。我们首先给出了有限个正交量子态集合可通过可分操作区分的充分必要条件。这个条件的解析版本推导出的情况下，$(D-1)$纯态，其中$D$是考虑中的状态空间的总尺寸。这个结果的一些有趣的后果，然后仔细研究。值得注意的是，我们发现存在一个大类的$2\otimes 2$可分离的操作不被实现的本地操作和经典的通信。在我们的工作之前，只有一类$3\otimes 3$非局部可分运算是已知的[Bennett et al，Phys. Rev. A \textbf{59}，1070（1999）]。我们还证明了多体纯态的正交补的任何基都不能用可分操作区分当且仅当这个态不能是1或2个正交乘积态的叠加，即，的正交Schmidt数不小于3，从而推广了最近关于不可区分二部子空间的工作[Watrous，Phys.Rev.Lett. \textbf{95}，080505（2005）]。值得注意的是，我们通过考虑由两个qutrits组成的复合量子系统，得到了7维（或6维）不可区分子空间的显式构造。三个量子比特），这比先前已知的具有8维的不可区分的二分子空间稍好。
Entangling power and fidelity diagnostic for bipartite quantum channels
Jagiellonian University（雅盖隆大学）；University of Salerno（萨莱诺大学）；Institute of Nanotechnology of the National Research Council of Italy, CNR-NANOTEC（意大利国家研究委员会纳米技术研究所）；Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences（波兰科学院理论物理中心）
Guided by the intuition of coherent superposition of causal relations, recent works presented quantum processes without classical common-cause and direct-cause explanation, that is, processes which cannot be written as probabilistic mixtures of quantum common-cause and quantum direct-cause relations (CCDC). In this work, we analyze the minimum requirements for a quantum process to fail to admit a CCDC explanation and present "simple" processes, which we prove to be the most robust ones against general noise. These simple processes can be realized by preparing a maximally entangled state and ap…
Although entropy is a necessary and sufficient quantity to characterize the order of work content for equal energetic (EE) states in the asymptotic limit, for the finite quantum systems, the relation is not so linear and requires detail investigation. Toward this, we have considered a resource theoretic framework taking the energy preserving operations (EPO) as free, to compare the amount of extractable work from two different quantum states. Under EPO, majorization becomes a necessary criterion for state transformation. It is also shown that the passive state energy is a concave function and …
The dynamical behavior of interacting systems plays a fundamental role for determining quantum correlations, such as entanglement. In this Letter, we describe temporal quantum effects of the inseparable evolution of composite quantum states by comparing the trajectories to their classically correlated counterparts. For this reason, we introduce equations of motions describing the separable propagation of any interacting quantum system, which are derived by requiring separability for all times. The resulting Schroedinger-type equations allow for comparing the trajectories in a separable configu…
We compare the classification as entangled or separable of Bell diagonal bipartite qudits with positive partial transposition (PPT) and their properties for different dimensions. For dimension $d \geq 3$, a form of entanglement exists that is hard to detect and called bound entanglement due to the fact that such entangled states cannot be used for entanglement distillation. Up to this date, no efficient solution is known to differentiate bound entangled from separable states. We address and compare this problem named separability problem for a family of bipartite Bell diagonal qudits with spec…
The problem on detecting the entanglement of a bipartite state is significant in quantum information theory. In this article, we apply the Ky Fan norm to the revised realignment matrix of a bipartite state. Specifially, we consider a family of separable criteria for bipartite states, and present when the density matrix corresponds to a state is real, the criteria is equivalent to the enhanced realignment criterion. Moreover, we present analytical lower bounds of concurrence and the convex-roof extended negativity for arbitrary dimensional systems.
Separable approximations of density matrices of composite quantum systems
本文研究了任意维MxN的二分量子系统A和B的态ρ的最佳可分近似（分解）。Lewenstein和A. Sanpera，Phys. Rev. Lett. 80，2261（1998）]。这样的近似允许以最佳的方式将任何密度算符表示为可分离态和某种形式的纠缠态的总和。对于两个量子比特系统（M=N=2），最佳可分近似具有可分态和投影到纯纠缠态的混合形式。给出了最佳可分近似下纯态不是最大纠缠态的必要条件。我们证明了在任意维的最佳可分近似下，纠缠态的权重提供了一个很好的纠缠度量。我们证明了在一般情况下，任意M和N的最佳可分近似对应于一个混合的可分和纠缠态都是唯一的。我们还开发了一个理论的最佳可分离近似的状态与正部分转置（PPT状态）。这种近似允许将具有正部分转置的任何密度算子分解为可分离状态和纠缠PPT状态的总和。我们讨论的过程中建设这样的分解。
The positivity of the partial transpose is in general only a necessary condition for separability. There exist quantum states that are not separable, but nevertheless are positive under partial transpose. States of this type are known as bound entangled states meaning that these states are entangled but they do not allow distillation of pure entanglement by means of local operations and classical communication (LOCC). We present a parametrization of a class of $2\times 2$ bound entangled Gaussian states for bipartite continuous-variable quantum systems with two modes on each side. We propose a…
We consider two bosonic Gaussian channels whose thermal noise is strong enough to break bipartite entanglement. In this scenario, we show how the presence of separable correlations between the two channels is able to restore the broken entanglement. This reactivation occurs not only in a scheme of direct distribution, where a third party (Charlie) broadcasts entangled states to remote parties (Alice and Bob), but also in a configuration of indirect distribution which is based on entanglement swapping. In both schemes, the amount of entanglement remotely activated can be large enough to be dist…
