M stars are ideal targets to search for Earth-like planets. However, they usually have high levels of magnetic activity, which could affect their habitability and make difficult the detection of exoplanets orbiting around them. Unfortunately, long-term variability of dM stars has not been extensively studied, due to their low intrinsic brightness. For this reason, in 1999 we started the HKalpha project, which systematically observes the spectra of a large number of stars, in particular dM stars, at the Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito (CASLEO). In this work, we study the long-term activity of the young active dM1 star AU Microscopii. We analyze the Mount Wilson index S derived from CASLEO spectra obtained between 2004 and 2016, which we complement with the S-index derived from HARPS, FEROS and UVES public spectra. We also analyze the simultaneous photometric counterpart provided by the ASAS public database for this star between 2000 and 2009, and our own photometry. In both totally independent time series, we detect a possible activity cycle of period around 5 years. We also derived a precise rotation period for this star P rot = 4.85 days, consistent with the literature. This activity cycle reflects that an alphaOmega dynamo could be operating in this star.
We use the LAMOST spectra of member stars in Pleiades, M34, Praesepe, and Hyades to study how chromospheric activity vary as a function of mass and rotation at different age. We measured excess equivalent widths of H$α$, H$β$, and Ca~{\sc ii} K based on estimated chromospheric contributions from old and inactive field dwarfs, and excess luminosities are obtained by normalizing bolometric luminosity, for more than 700 late-type stars in these open clusters. Results indicate two activity sequences in cool spot coverage and H$α$ excess emission among GK dwarfs in Pleiades and M dwarfs in Praesepe…
Chromospheric activity monitoring of a wide range of cool stars can provide valuable information on stellar magnetic activity and its dependence on fundamental stellar parameters such as effective temperature and rotation.We compile a chromospheric activity catalogue of 4454 cool stars from a combination of archival HARPS spectra and multiple other surveys, including the Mount Wilson data that have recently been released by the NSO. We explore the variation in chromospheric activity of cool stars along the main sequence for stars with different effective temperatures. Additionally, we also per…
The strong chromospheric absorption lines Ca H & K are tightly connected to stellar surface magnetic fields. Only for the Sun, spectral activity indices can be related to evolving magnetic features on the solar disk. The Solar Disk-Integrated (SDI) telescope feeds the Potsdam Echelle Polarimetric and Spectroscopic Instrument (PEPSI) of the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) at Mt. Graham International Observatory (MGIO), Arizona, U.S.A. We present high-resolution, high-fidelity spectra that were recorded on 184 & 82 days in 2018 & 2019 and derive the Ca H & K emission ratio, i.e., the S-index. In…
An investigation of chromospheric activity spanning the Vaughan--Preston gap: impact on stellar ages
色球活动被广泛用作太阳型恒星的年龄指标，其依据是早期证据表明，从年轻和活跃的恒星到年老和不活跃的恒星会有一个平稳的演化过程。我们分析了两个疏散星团中五颗太阳型恒星的色球活动，以研究色球活动如何随时间演变。我们拍摄了IC 4756中3颗星和NGC 5822中2颗星的UVES高分辨率、高信噪比光谱，并结合以前研究的数据集进行了重新分析。深层光球Ca II K线的发射核心被用作色球活动的探测器。新样本中的所有5颗恒星，包括1.2 Gyr-old NGC 5822中的恒星，其活动水平与毕宿二和Praesepe相当。对我们的数据的一个可能的解释是，太阳型恒星的色球活动，从毕星团的年龄到太阳的年龄，并没有平稳地演变。恒星从活跃到不活跃的变化是在很短的时间尺度上发生的。这种转变前后的演变远不如周期性和长期变化那么重要。我们表明，文献中提出的数据，以支持年龄和活动之间的相关性，也可以根据我们的研究结果进行不同的解释。
Spectropolarimetric data allow for simultaneous monitoring of stellar chromospheric $\log{R^{\prime}_{\rm{HK}}}$ activity and the surface-averaged longitudinal magnetic field, $B_l$, giving the opportunity to probe the relationship between large-scale stellar magnetic fields and chromospheric manifestations of magnetism. We present $\log{R^{\prime}_{\rm{HK}}}$ and/or $B_l$ measurements for 954 mid-F to mid-M stars derived from spectropolarimetric observations contained within the PolarBase database. Our magnetically active sample complements previous stellar activity surveys that focus on inac…
We present new 14 high-resolution echelle spectra to discuss the level of chromospheric activity of DM UMa in {He I} D3, {Na I} D1, D2, Halpha, and {Ca II} infrared triplet lines (IRT). It is the first time to discover the emissions above the continuum in the {He I} D3 lines on 2015 February 9 and 10. The emission on February 9 is the strongest one ever detected for DM UMa. We analysed these chromospheric active indicators by employing the spectral subtraction technique. The subtracted spectra reveal weak emissions in the {Na I} D1, D2 lines, strong emission in the Halpha line, and clear exces…
Strong spectral lines are useful indicators of stellar chromospheric activity. They are physically linked to the convection efficiency, differential rotation, and angular momentum evolution and are a potential indicator of age. However, for ages > 2 Gyr, the age-activity relationship remains poorly constrained thus hampering its full application. The Ca II infrared triplet (IRT lines) has been poorly studied compared to classical chromospheric indicators. We report in this paper absolute chromospheric fluxes in the three Ca II IRT lines, based on a new calibration tied to up-to-date model atmo…
Stellar Chromospheric Activity Database of Solar-like Stars Based on the LAMOST Low-Resolution Spectroscopic Survey: II. the bolometric and photospheric calibration
The atmospheric activity of the Sun and Sun-like stars is analyzed involving observations from HK-project at the Mount Wilson Observatory, the California and Carnegie Planet Search Program at the Keck and Lick Observatories and the Magellan Planet Search Program at the Las Campanas Observatory. We show that for stars of F, G and K spectral classes, the cyclic activity, similar to the 11-yr solar cycles, is different: it becomes more prominent in K-stars. Comparative study of Sun-like stars with different levels of the chromospheric and coronal activity confirms that the Sun belongs to stars wi…
Stellar Chromospheric Activity Database of Solar-like Stars Based on the LAMOST Low-Resolution Spectroscopic Survey III. Calibrating the Chromospheric Basal Flux and the Connection to Stellar Rotation
Nanxun Innovation Institute, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power（浙江水利水电学院南浔创新研究院）；National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院国家天文台）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Anhui University（安徽大学物理与光电工程学院）
Studying chromospheric activity of contact binaries is an important way of revealing the magnetic activity processes of these systems. An efficient but somewhat neglected method for that is to follow the changes of the H$α$ line profiles via optical spectroscopy. Our goal was to perform a comprehensive analysis based on the optical spectral signs of chromospheric activity on the largest sample of contact binaries to date. We collected echelle spectra on 12 bright contact binaries and derived new radial velocity curves from our observations. For quantifying the apparent chromospheric activity l…
We analyze the X-ray emission and chromospheric activity of Sun-like stars of F, G and K spectral classes (late-type stars) studied in the framework of the HK project. More powerful coronas are possessed by stars displaying irregular variations of their chromospheric emission, while stars with regular cyclic activity are characterized by comparatively modest X-ray luminosities and ratios of the X-ray to bolometric luminosity. This indicates that the nature of processes associated with magnetic-field amplification on the convective envelope changes appreciably in the transition from small to la…
We present five decades of chromospheric activity measurements in 59 Sun-like stars as time series. These include and extend the 35 yr of stellar chromospheric activity observations by the Mount Wilson Survey (1966--2001), and continued observations at Keck by the California Planet Search (1996--). The Mount Wilson Survey was studied closely in 1995, and revealed periodic activity cycles similar to the Sun's 11 yr cycle. The California Planet Search provides more than five decades of measurements, significantly improving our understanding of these stars' activity behavior. We have curated the …
Further Investigation on Chromospheric Activity Patterns of the RS Canum Venaticorum Star V711 Tauri
Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院云南天文台）；Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院天体结构与演化重点实验室）；International Centre of Supernovae, Yunnan Key Laboratory（国际超新星中心云南省重点实验室）；School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院）
The young and magnetically active K dwarf Epsilon Eridani exhibits a chromospheric activity cycle of about 3 years. Previous reconstructions of its large-scale magnetic field show strong variations at yearly epochs. To understand how Epsilon Eridani's large-scale magnetic field geometry evolves over its activity cycle we focus on high cadence observations spanning 5 months at its activity minimum. Over this timespan we reconstruct 3 maps of Epsilon Eridani's large-scale magnetic field using the tomographic technique of Zeeman Doppler Imaging. The results show that at the minimum of its cycle, …
We present the results of a spectroscopic survey to characterize chromospheric activity, as measured by H$α$ emission, in low-mass members of the 500-Myr-old open cluster M37. Combining our new measurements of H$α$ luminosities ($L_{Hα}$) with previously cataloged stellar properties, we identify saturated and unsaturated regimes in the dependence of the $L_{Hα}$-to-bolometric-luminosity ratio, $L_{Hα}/L_{bol}$, on the Rossby number $R_o$. All rotators with Ro smaller than 0.03$\pm$0.01 converge to an activity level of $L_{Hα}/L_{bol}$ = (1.27$\pm$0.02) x 10$^{-4}$. This saturation threshold ($…
$\require{mediawiki-texvc}$A stellar chromospheric activity database of solar-like stars is constructed based on the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) Low-Resolution Spectroscopic Survey (LRS). The database contains spectral bandpass fluxes and indexes of Ca II H&K lines derived from 1,330,654 high-quality LRS spectra of solar-like stars. We measure the mean fluxes at line cores of the Ca II H&K lines using a 1 $Å$ rectangular bandpass as well as a 1.09 $Å$ full width at half maximum (FWHM) triangular bandpass, and the mean fluxes of two 20 $Å$ pseudo-continuum…
We gathered high resolution spectra for an ensemble of 55 bright active and inactive stars using the ARC 3.5 m Telescope Echelle Spectrograph at Apache Point Observatory ($R\approx$31,500). We measured spectroscopic effective temperatures, surface gravities and metallicities for most stars in the sample with SME and MOOG. Our stellar property results are consistent with the photometric effective temperatures from the Gaia DR2 pipeline. We also measured their chromospheric $S$ and $\log R^\prime_\mathrm{HK}$ indices to classify the stars as active or inactive and study the connection between ch…
We identify a set of 18 solar analogs among the seismic sample of solar-like stars observed by the Kepler satellite rotating between 10 and 40 days. This set is constructed using the asteroseismic stellar properties derived using either the global oscillation properties or the individual acoustic frequencies. We measure the magnetic activity properties of these stars using observations collected by the photometric Kepler satellite and by the ground-based, high-resolution Hermes spectrograph mounted on the Mercator telescope. The photospheric (Sph) and chromospheric (S index) magnetic activity …
A coordinated optical and X-ray spectroscopic campaign on HD179949: searching for planet-induced chromospheric and coronal activity
HD 179949是一颗F8 V恒星，被一颗周期约为3天的巨行星环绕。先前的研究表明，这颗行星增强了母星的磁场活动，产生了一个与行星轨道同相旋转的色球热点。然而，这种现象是间歇性的，因为它是在几个而不是所有季节观察到的。需要对HD 179949的磁活动进行长期监测，以研究恒星-行星相互作用的幅度和时间尺度。在2009年，我们同时进行了光学和X射线光谱活动，以监测磁活动的HD 179949在~5个轨道周期和~2恒星旋转。我们分析了作为色球活动代理的Ca II H&K线，并研究了X射线发射，以寻找通量调制和确定日冕等离子体的基本性质。对CaII H&K线核心通量的详细分析和对X射线光度学的类似研究显示了源变异的证据，包括一次耀斑。对色球数据时间序列的分析表明，在高纬度地区存在一个周期约为11天的调制，与恒星自转周期一致。相反，X射线光曲线表明信号周期约为4天，与相对半球上存在两个活动区域一致。观测到的变化可以解释，最有可能的是，由于旋转调制和色球和日冕活动的内在演变。没有与行星轨道运动相关的明确信号，但不能排除色球和日冕变化的一小部分受到行星轨道周期或恒星-行星拍频周期调制的可能性。我们的结论是，由于行星的存在而产生的任何影响都很难解开。
In this study, we consider chromospheric heating models for 55 Cancri in conjunction with observations. The theoretical models, previously discussed in Paper I, are self-consistent, nonlinear and time-dependent ab-initio computations encompassing the generation, propagation, and dissipation of waves. Our focus is the consideration of both acoustic waves and longitudinal flux tube waves amounting to two-component chromosphere models. 55 Cancri, a K-type orange dwarf, is a star of low activity, as expected by its age, which also implies a relatively small magnetic filling factor. The Ca II K flu…
This study depends on KIC 9641031 eclipsing binary system with a chromospherically active component. There are three type variations, such as geometrical variations due to eclipses, sinusoidal variations due to the rotational modulations and also flares, in the light curves obtained with the data taken from the Kepler Mission Database. Taking into account results obtained from KIC 9641031's observations in the Kepler Mission Database, we present and discuss the details of chromospheric activity. The sinusoidal light variations due to rotational modulation and the flare events were modelled sep…
Hα photometry of low mass stars in 47 Tucanae: chromospheric activity and exotica
我们利用哈勃空间望远镜的高级巡天照相机（Advanced Camera for Surveys）获得的观测资料，研究了球状星团47 Tuccenda中主序星的Hα发射特性。利用F606W、F814W和F658N波段的多波段观测组合，我们搜寻了具有Hα过量发射的恒星。精确的光度测量它们的Hα等效宽度使我们能够识别具有大Hα发射的天体，我们将其归因于质量吸积而不是增强的色球层活动。其中一些恒星的空间位置与已知的X射线源一致，它们在颜色星等图中的位置使我们能够将它们分类为活动双星或激变变星（CV）。我们表明，这种方法，通常采用研究吸积盘在年轻的恒星物体，可以成功地用于识别和识别候选CV。
Stellar magnetic activity decays over the main-sequence life of cool stars due to the stellar spin-down driven by magnetic braking. The evolution of chromospheric emission is well-studied for younger stars, but difficulties in determining the ages of older cool stars on the main sequence have complicated such studies for older stars in the past. Here we report on chromospheric Ca II H and K line measurements for 26 main-sequence cool stars with asteroseismic ages older than a gigayear and spectral types F and G. We find that for the G stars and the cooler F-type stars which still have convecti…
We obtained new high-resolution spectra using the Lijiang 1.8-m and 2.4-m telescopes to investigate the chromospheric activities of V1355 Ori as indicated in the behaviors of Ca ii H&K, Hdelta, Hgamma, Hbeta, Na i D1, D2, Halpha and Ca ii infrared triplet (IRT) lines. The observed spectra show obvious emissions above the continuum in Ca ii H&K lines, absorptions in the Hdelta, Hgamma, Hbeta and Na i D1, D2 lines, variable behavior (filled-in absorption, partial emission with a core absorption component or emission above the continuum) in the Halpha line, and weak self-reversal emissions in the…
Studying cool star magnetic activity gives an important insight into the stellar dynamo and its relationship with stellar properties, as well as allowing us to place the Sun's magnetism in the context of other stars. Only 61 Cyg A (K5V) and $τ$ Boo (F8V) are currently known to have magnetic cycles like the Sun's, where the large-scale magnetic field polarity reverses in phase with the star's chromospheric activity cycles. $τ$ Boo has a rapid $\sim$240 d magnetic cycle, and it is not yet clear whether this is related to the star's thin convection zone or if the dynamo is accelerated by interact…
Context. The Mg I 4571 Å line and the b triplet are denoted in the literature as diagnostics of solar and stellar activity since their formation is in the low chromosphere. Aims. To investigate the potential of these four spectral lines as diagnostics of chromospheric activity in solar-like stars, studying the dependence of the intensity of these lines from local atmospheric changes by varying atmospheric models and stellar parameters. Methods. Starting with Next-Gen photospheric models, we build a grid of atmospheric models including photosphere, chromosphere and transition region and solve t…
狮子座AD（GJ 388）是一颗活跃的dM 3耀斑星，在静止和耀斑状态下都被广泛观测到。由于这颗活跃的恒星位于完全对流边界附近，因此详细研究它的长期色球活动可能对发电机理论做出可观的贡献。在这里，我们用Lomb-Scargle周期图分析了2001年至2013年期间获得的CASLEO光谱和2004年至2010年ASAS数据库中的V星等的Ca II K线核心通量。从这两个完全独立的时间序列，我们得到一个可能的活动周期周期$\sim7$年和一个不太重要的较短的$\sim2$年。一个初步的解释是，在地表附近运行的发电机可能产生较长的周期，而在深对流区运行的第二个发电机可能产生较短的周期。基于我们在CASLEO观测计划的长期性和我们同时观测到不同光谱特征的事实，我们还分析了在AD Leo不同活动水平（包括耀斑）同时测量Na I指数（$R^{\prime}_D$）、H $α$和Ca II K通量之间的关系。
Chromospheric activity of Southern Stars from the Magellan Planet Search Program
我目前的色球活动测量的~ 670 F，G，K和M主序星在南半球，从~8000档案高分辨率阶梯光谱在Las Campanas天文台自2004年以来。这些恒星是旧麦哲伦行星搜索的目标，现在是新麦哲伦行星搜索的潜在目标，将寻找岩石和可居住的行星。活动指数（S值）来自Ca II H & K线岩心，然后转换为Mt。威尔逊系统从这些测量，色球（logrhk）指数的推导，然后被用来作为指标的水平径向速度抖动，年龄和旋转周期，这些恒星目前。
Using a time series of high-resolution spectra and high-quality multi-colour photometry, we reconstruct surface maps of the primary component of the RS CVn type rapidly rotating eclipsing binary, SV Cam (F9V + K4V). We measure a mass ratio, q, of 0.641(2) using our highest quality spectra and obtain surface brightness maps of the primary component, which exhibit predominantly high-latitude spots located between 60-70-degree latitudes with a mean filling factor of about 35%. This is also indicated by the R-band light curve inversion, subjected to rigourous numerical tests. The spectral subtract…
We present theoretical models of chromospheric heating for 55 Cancri, an orange dwarf of relatively low activity. Self-consistent, nonlinear and time-dependent ab-initio numerical computations are pursued encompassing the generation, propagation, and dissipation of waves. We consider longitudinal waves operating among arrays of flux tubes as well as acoustic waves pertaining to nonmagnetic stellar regions. Additionally, flux enhancements for the longitudinal waves are also taken into account as supplied by transverse tube waves. The Ca II K fluxes are computed (multi-ray treatment) assuming pa…
Kepler photometry of the hot Neptune host star HAT-P-11 suggests that its spot latitude distribution is comparable to the Sun's near solar maximum. We search for evidence of an activity cycle in the CaII H & K chromospheric emission $S$-index with archival Keck/HIRES spectra and observations from the echelle spectrograph on the ARC 3.5 m Telescope at APO. The chromospheric emission of HAT-P-11 is consistent with a $\gtrsim 10$ year activity cycle, which plateaued near maximum during the Kepler mission. In the cycle that we observed, the star seemed to spend more time near active maximum than m…
M dwarfs are prime targets for planet search programs, particularly of those focused on the detection and characterization of rocky planets in the habitable zone. Understanding their magnetic activity is important because it affects our ability to detect small planets, and it plays a key role in the characterization of the stellar environment. We analyze observations of the Ca II H&K and Hα lines as diagnostics of chromospheric activity for low-activity early-type M dwarfs. We analyze the time series of spectra of 71 early-type M dwarfs collected for the HADES project for planet search purpose…
A detailed investigation of the magnetic properties of young Sun-like stars can provide valuable information on our Sun's magnetic past and its impact on the early Earth. We determine the properties of the moderately rotating young Sun-like star kappa Ceti's magnetic and activity cycles using 50 years of chromospheric activity data and six epochs of spectropolarimetric observations. The chromospheric activity was determined by measuring the flux in the Ca II H and K lines. A generalised Lomb-Scargle periodogram and a wavelet decomposition were used on the chromospheric activity data to establi…
Recently, new debates about the role of layers of strong shear have emerged in stellar dynamo theory. Further information on the long-term magnetic activity of fully convective stars could help determine whether their underlying dynamo could sustain activity cycles similar to the solar one. We performed a thorough study of the short- and long-term magnetic activity of the young active dM4 star Gl 729. First, we analyzed long-cadence $K2$ photometry to characterize its transient events (e.g., flares) and global and surface differential rotation. Then, from the Mount Wilson $S$-indexes derived f…
One of the aims of the BCool programme is to search for cycles in other stars and to understand how similar they are to the Sun. In this paper we aim to monitor the evolution of $τ$ Boo's large-scale magnetic field using high-cadence observations covering its chromospheric activity maximum. For the first time, we detect a polarity switch that is in phase with $τ$ Boo's 120 day chromospheric activity maximum and its inferred X-ray activity cycle maximum. This means that $τ$ Boo has a very fast magnetic cycle of only 240 days. At activity maximum $τ$ Boo's large-scale field geometry is very simi…
