Optical coherence tomography (OCT) based measurements of retinal layer thickness, such as the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and the ganglion cell with inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) are commonly used for the diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma. Previously, machine learning techniques have utilized segmentation-based imaging features such as the peripapillary RNFL thickness and the cup-to-disc ratio. Here, we propose a deep learning technique that classifies eyes as healthy or glaucomatous directly from raw, unsegmented OCT volumes of the optic nerve head (ONH) using a 3D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). We compared the accuracy of this technique with various feature-based machine learning algorithms and demonstrated the superiority of the proposed deep learning based method.
Logistic regression was found to be the best performing classical machine learning technique with an AUC of 0.89. In direct comparison, the deep learning approach achieved a substantially higher AUC of 0.94 with the additional advantage of providing insight into which regions of an OCT volume are important for glaucoma detection.
Computing Class Activation Maps (CAM), we found that the CNN identified neuroretinal rim and optic disc cupping as well as the lamina cribrosa (LC) and its surrounding areas as the regions significantly associated with the glaucoma classification. These regions anatomically correspond to the well established and commonly used clinical markers for glaucoma diagnosis such as increased cup volume, cup diameter, and neuroretinal rim thinning at the superior and inferior segments.
Unifying Structure Analysis and Surrogate-driven Function Regression for Glaucoma OCT Image Screening
The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Imsight Medical Technology, Co., Ltd.（深圳见智医疗科技有限公司）；Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院）
Circumpapillary OCT-Focused Hybrid Learning for Glaucoma Grading Using Tailored Prototypical Neural Networks
Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València（瓦伦西亚理工大学生物工程研究与创新研究所）；Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena（卡塔赫纳理工大学）
Dataset and Evaluation algorithm design for GOALS Challenge
Baidu Inc.（百度公司）；Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学中山眼科中心）；Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research（新加坡科技研究局高性能计算研究所）
A self-training framework for glaucoma grading in OCT B-scans
Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, I3B Universitat Politècnica de València（瓦伦西亚理工大学生物工程研究与创新研究所）；Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena（卡塔赫纳理工大学）；École de technologie supérieure（高等技术学院）
Reconstruction and Quantification of 3D Iris Surface for Angle-Closure Glaucoma Detection in Anterior Segment OCT
Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所慈溪生物医学工程研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Baidu Inc（百度公司）；Southern University of Science and Technology（南方科技大学）；Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学中山眼科中心）；Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence（起源人工智能研究院）
Multi-Context Deep Network for Angle-Closure Glaucoma Screening in Anterior Segment OCT
Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR（新加坡科技研究局资讯通信研究院）；Guangzhou Shiyuan Electronic Technology Company Limited（广州视源电子科技股份有限公司）；Microsoft Research（微软研究院）；Singapore Eye Research Institute（新加坡眼科研究院）；Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS（中国科学院慈溪生物医学工程研究所）
Pointwise visual field estimation from optical coherence tomography in glaucoma: a structure-function analysis using deep learning
KU Leuven（鲁汶大学）；UZ Leuven（鲁汶大学医院）；Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto（波尔图大学医学院）；Centro Hospitalar e Universitário São João（圣若昂中心医院）；University Hospitals Leuven（鲁汶大学医院）；Hasselt University（哈瑟尔特大学）；University of Antwerp（安特卫普大学）；Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO)（弗拉芒技术研究所（VITO））
Are Macula or Optic Nerve Head Structures better at Diagnosing Glaucoma? An Answer using AI and Wide-Field Optical Coherence Tomography
National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Singapore Eye Research Institute（新加坡眼科研究所）；Singapore National Eye Centre（新加坡国家眼科中心）；Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology（新加坡-麻省理工学院研究与技术联盟）；Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学杨潞龄医学院）；Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School（杜克-新加坡国立大学医学院）；Nanyang Technological University Singapore（新加坡南洋理工大学）；Medical University of Vienna（维也纳医科大学）；Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel（巴塞尔分子与临床眼科研究所）；Abyss Processing Pte Ltd（深渊处理私人有限公司）
Retinal Layer Segmentation in OCT Images With 2.5D Cross-slice Feature Fusion Module for Glaucoma Assessment
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea（延世大学机械工程系）；Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea（视觉研究所眼科部, 顺化医院, 延世大学, 首尔, 03722, 韩国）；Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea（延世大学医学院）
AGE Challenge: Angle Closure Glaucoma Evaluation in Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography
Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence（起源人工智能研究院）；State Key Laboratory, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学中山眼科中心国家重点实验室）；Baidu（百度）；South China University of Technology（华南理工大学）；National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET（阿根廷国家科学与技术研究理事会）；Yatiris Group, PLADEMA Institute, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNICEN)（布宜诺斯艾利斯省中央国立大学）
ETSCL: An Evidence Theory-Based Supervised Contrastive Learning Framework for Multi-modal Glaucoma Grading
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学计算与数据科学学院）；Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学李光前医学院）；Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；South China University of Technology（华南理工大学）
Open-Narrow-Synechiae Anterior Chamber Angle Classification in AS-OCT Sequences
Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所慈溪生物医学工程研究所）；Baidu Inc（百度公司）；Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学中山眼科中心）；Southern University of Science and Technology（南方科技大学）；Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence（启科人工智能研究院）
Deep Learning Algorithms to Isolate and Quantify the Structures of the Anterior Segment in Optical Coherence Tomography Images
National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Singapore Eye Research Institute（新加坡眼科研究所）；Singapore National Eye Centre（新加坡全国眼科中心）；Cardiff University（卡迪夫大学）；Newcastle Research and Innovation Institute（纽卡斯尔研究创新研究所）；National University Hospital（国立大学医院）
Describing the Structural Phenotype of the Glaucomatous Optic Nerve Head Using Artificial Intelligence
Singapore Eye Research Institute（新加坡眼科研究所）；Singapore National Eye Centre（新加坡国家眼科中心）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Aravind Eye Care Systems（阿拉温德眼科护理系统）；Duke-NUS Medical School（杜克-新加坡国立大学医学院）
Automatic Segmentation of the Optic Nerve Head Region in Optical Coherence Tomography: A Methodological Review
University of Coimbra（科英布拉大学）；Erasmus MC（伊拉斯姆斯大学医学中心）；KU Leuven（鲁汶大学）；University of Porto（波尔图大学）；Centro Hospitalar e Universitário São João（圣若昂大学医院中心）；University Hospitals UZ Leuven（鲁汶大学医院）
Angle-Closure Detection in Anterior Segment OCT based on Multi-Level Deep Network
Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence（人工智能初创研究院）；Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research（科学、技术和研究局信息通信研究院）；Baidu Inc.（百度公司）；Microsoft Research（微软研究院）；Singapore Eye Research Institute（新加坡眼科研究院）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学杨潞龄医学院）；Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院慈溪生物医学工程研究所）；Southern University of Science and Technology（南方科技大学）
Conditional GAN for Prediction of Glaucoma Progression with Macular Optical Coherence Tomography
Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；UCLA（加州大学洛杉矶分校）；Jules Stein Eye Institute（朱尔斯·斯坦眼科研究所）；California State University（加州州立大学）；David Geffen School of Medicine（大卫·格芬医学院）；Technische Universität München（慕尼黑工业大学）
Finding New Diagnostic Information for Detecting Glaucoma using Neural Networks
Matroid（Matroid 公司）；University of Maryland at Baltimore County（马里兰大学巴尔的摩县分校）；Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University（斯坦福大学拜尔斯眼科研究所）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology（提尔甘加眼科研究所）；Narayana Nethralaya（纳拉亚纳眼科医院）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）
Geometric Deep Learning to Identify the Critical 3D Structural Features of the Optic Nerve Head for Glaucoma Diagnosis
Singapore Eye Research Institute（新加坡眼科研究所）；Singapore National Eye Centre（新加坡全国眼科中心）；Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology（新加坡-麻省理工学院研究与技术联盟）；Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学杨潞龄医学院）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School（杜克-新加坡国立大学医学院）；Vilnius University（维尔纽斯大学）；Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos（维尔纽斯大学圣罗克利什科斯医院）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology（分子与临床眼科研究所）
Multimodal Information Fusion for Glaucoma and DR Classification
Inserm（法国国家健康与医学研究院）；University of Western Brittany（西布列塔尼大学）；IMT Atlantique（大西洋国立高等工业技术学院）；Rothschild Foundation Hospital（罗斯柴尔德基金会医院）；Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc（卡尔蔡司医疗科技公司）；Lariboisière Hospital（拉里博瓦西耶医院）；CHRU Brest（布雷斯特大学中心医院）
Medical Application of Geometric Deep Learning for the Diagnosis of Glaucoma
National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Singapore Eye Research Institute（新加坡眼科研究所）；Singapore National Eye Centre（新加坡国家眼科中心）；Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine（杨潞龄医学院）；Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School（杜克-新加坡国立大学医学院）；Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel（巴塞尔分子与临床眼科研究所）
Towards Label-Free 3D Segmentation of Optical Coherence Tomography Images of the Optic Nerve Head Using Deep Learning
Ophthalmic Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学工程学院生物医学工程系眼科工程与创新实验室）；Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre（新加坡国立眼科中心新加坡眼科研究所）；Rajan Eye Care Hospital（拉詹眼科护理医院）
Joint Segmentation and Grading with Iterative Optimization for Multimodal Glaucoma Diagnosis
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China（香港大学电子与电气工程系）；College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China（浙江工业大学信息工程学院）
Domain-specific augmentations with resolution agnostic self-attention mechanism improves choroid segmentation in optical coherence tomography images
School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学数学学院）；Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学再生与修复研究所）；School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学信息学院）；Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学医学信息学中心）；Clinical Research Facility and Imaging, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学临床研究与影像中心）；Department of Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University（格拉斯哥卡利多尼安大学视觉科学系）；British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学英国心脏基金会心血管科学中心）；Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学临床脑科学中心）
The Channel Attention based Context Encoder Network for Inner Limiting Membrane Detection
Shanghai University（上海大学）；Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院宁波工业技术研究院）；Southern University of Science and Technology（南方科技大学）
DRUNET: A Dilated-Residual U-Net Deep Learning Network to Digitally Stain Optic Nerve Head Tissues in Optical Coherence Tomography Images
National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Duke-NUS, Graduate Medical School（杜克-新加坡国立大学医学院）；Singapore Eye Research Institute（新加坡眼科研究所）；Singapore National Eye Centre（新加坡全国眼科中心）；Université de la Polynésie francaise（法属波利尼西亚大学）；Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust（Moorfields眼科医院NHS基金会信托）；UCL Institute of Ophthalmol（伦敦大学学院眼科研究所）
AI-CNet3D: An Anatomically-Informed Cross-Attention Network with Multi-Task Consistency Fine-tuning for 3D Glaucoma Classification
Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA（计算机科学系，哥伦比亚大学）；Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA（眼科学系，哥伦比亚大学伊万杰琳医疗中心）；Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA（生物医学工程系，哥伦比亚大学）；The Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA（数据科学学院，哥伦比亚大学）
Text-Driven Weakly Supervised OCT Lesion Segmentation with Structural Guidance
CUNY Graduate Center（CUNY研究生中心）；New York University Department of Ophthalmology（纽约大学眼科系）；NYU Langone Health（NYU兰格one健康）；Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School（麻省总医院和哈佛医学院）；Stony Brook University（石溪大学）
Fusing Structural Phenotypes with Functional Data for Early Prediction of Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma Progression
Singapore Eye Research Institute（新加坡眼科研究所）；Singapore National Eye Centre（新加坡全国眼科中心）；Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School（杜克-新加坡国立大学医学院）；Emory University School of Medicine（埃默里大学医学院）；Emory University（埃默里大学）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）；Emory Empathetic AI for Health Institute（埃默里健康共情人工智能研究所）
