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arXiv 1802.09062math.NAcs.NA
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椭圆型偏微分方程低秩张量表示的稳定性及结构化多层预处理

Stability of Low-Rank Tensor Representations and Structured Multilevel Preconditioning for Elliptic PDEs

Markus Bachmayr, Vladimir Kazeev

摘要:

将大小为$2^L$的网格值向量折叠成模式大小为$2\times \cdots\times 2$的$L$阶张量,与张量训练格式的低秩表示相结合,已被证明可以导致各种类型的函数的高效近似。这些问题包括非光滑域上的椭圆型偏微分方程的解或具有振荡数据的偏微分方程的解。这种张量结构的方法是有吸引力的,因为它导致高度压缩,自适应近似基于简单的离散化。基本基的标准选择,如均匀张量积网格上的分段多线性有限元,必然导致离散算子的众所周知的矩阵病态。我们证明,对于低秩表示,张量结构本身的使用还引入了表示病态,这是张量网络中计算特有的一种新效应。我们分析了二阶线性椭圆算子BPX预处理器的张量结构,并构造了预处理器的显式张量结构表示,其秩与离散化水平的数量$L$无关。直接应用的预条件产生离散算子的矩阵条件是统一的离散化参数,但在分解表示病态。通过另外消除某些冗余的预处理离散算子的表示,我们得到的降秩分解是免费的矩阵和表示病态。对于低秩张量的软阈值的基础上的迭代求解器,我们得到的收敛性和复杂性的估计,并证明其可靠性和效率的离散化与$2^{50}$节点在每个维度。

英文摘要:

Folding grid value vectors of size $2^L$ into $L$th order tensors of mode sizes $2\times \cdots\times 2$, combined with low-rank representation in the tensor train format, has been shown to lead to highly efficient approximations for various classes of functions. These include solutions of elliptic PDEs on nonsmooth domains or with oscillatory data. This tensor-structured approach is attractive because it leads to highly compressed, adaptive approximations based on simple discretizations. Standard choices of the underlying basis, such as piecewise multilinear finite elements on uniform tensor product grids, entail the well-known matrix ill-conditioning of discrete operators. We demonstrate that for low-rank representations, the use of tensor structure itself additionally introduces representation ill-conditioning, a new effect specific to computations in tensor networks. We analyze the tensor structure of a BPX preconditioner for second-order linear elliptic operators and construct an explicit tensor-structured representation of the preconditioner, with ranks independent of the number $L$ of discretization levels. The straightforward application of the preconditioner yields discrete operators whose matrix conditioning is uniform with respect to the discretization parameter, but in decompositions that suffer from representation ill-conditioning. By additionally eliminating certain redundancies in the representations of the preconditioned discrete operators, we obtain reduced-rank decompositions that are free of both matrix and representation ill-conditioning. For an iterative solver based on soft thresholding of low-rank tensors, we obtain convergence and complexity estimates and demonstrate its reliability and efficiency for discretizations with up to $2^{50}$ nodes in each dimension.

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