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arXiv 1802.03090astro-ph.EP
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超级地球的形成

Formation of Super-Earths

Hilke E Schlichting

摘要:

超级地球是迄今为止已知的最丰富的行星,其特征是大小介于地球和海王星之间,典型的轨道周期小于100天,并且气体包层通常足够大,可以显着影响行星的整体半径。此外,超级地球经常出现在紧密排列的多行星系统中,但这种系统中的共振配置很少见。本章总结了当前的超级地球形成理论。它开始于岩石核的形成和随后的气体包层的吸积。我们跟踪新形成的超级地球的热演化,并讨论其大气质量损失由于磁盘分散,光蒸发,核心冷却和碰撞。最后,我们对观测结果和理论预测进行了比较,强调即使是今天看起来像贫瘠的岩石核心的超级地球也可能是由原始的氢和氦包层形成的,并讨论了未来的一些前进道路。

英文摘要:

Super-Earths are the most abundant planets known to date and are characterized by having sizes between that of Earth and Neptune, typical orbital periods of less than 100 days and gaseous envelopes that are often massive enough to significantly contribute to the planet's overall radius. Furthermore, super-Earths regularly appear in tightly-packed multiple-planet systems, but resonant configurations in such systems are rare. This chapters summarizes current super-Earth formation theories. It starts from the formation of rocky cores and subsequent accretion of gaseous envelopes. We follow the thermal evolution of newly formed super-Earths and discuss their atmospheric mass loss due to disk dispersal, photoevaporation, core-cooling and collisions. We conclude with a comparison of observations and theoretical predictions, highlighting that even super-Earths that appear as barren rocky cores today likely formed with primordial hydrogen and helium envelopes and discuss some paths forward for the future.

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