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arXiv 1606.09174astro-ph.EP
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超级地球的形成和化学组成

On the Formation and Chemical Composition of Super Earths

Matthew Alessi, Ralph E. Pudritz, Alex J. Cridland

摘要:

超级地球是系外行星中数量最多的,并且通过它们的平均密度可以推断出它们具有丰富的成分多样性。在这里,我们提出了一个模型,结合了平衡化学在不断发展的磁盘与核心吸积,跟踪材料吸积到行星上,在其形成。在这样做的过程中,我们的目标是解释为什么超级地球如此频繁地形成,以及它们如何获得如此多样化的成分。我们的模型的一个关键特征是磁盘的不均匀性,或行星陷阱,作为快速I型迁移的障碍。我们包括的陷阱是死区,这可能是由宇宙射线或X射线电离,冰线和热转换引起的。我们发现,在足够长的寿命($\gtrsim$ 4百万年)的磁盘,所有的陷阱产生类木行星。在这些盘中,热转换和X射线死区中的行星形成产生热彗星,而冰线和宇宙射线死区产生大约1 AU的彗星。超级地球的形成发生在短寿命的盘($\lesssim$ 2百万年),其中光盘是光蒸发,而行星是在一个缓慢的阶段,气体吸积。我们发现超级地球的组成范围从干燥和岩石($<$ 6%的冰质量)到那些具有大量水含量($>$ 30%的冰质量)。陷阱在我们的结果中起着至关重要的作用,因为它们决定了特定行星可以从盘中的哪里吸积,以及它们能够获得什么成分。

英文摘要:

Super Earths are the largest population of exoplanets and are seen to exhibit a rich diversity of compositions as inferred through their mean densities. Here we present a model that combines equilibrium chemistry in evolving disks with core accretion that tracks materials accreted onto planets during their formation. In doing so, we aim to explain why super Earths form so frequently and how they acquire such a diverse range of compositions. A key feature of our model is disk inhomogeneities, or planet traps, that act as barriers to rapid type-I migration. The traps we include are the dead zone, which can be caused by either cosmic ray or X-ray ionization, the ice line, and the heat transition. We find that in disks with sufficiently long lifetimes ($\gtrsim$ 4 Myr), all traps produce Jovian planets. In these disks, planet formation in the heat transition and X-ray dead zone produces hot Jupiters while the ice line and cosmic ray dead zones produce Jupiters at roughly 1 AU. Super Earth formation takes place within short-lived disks ($\lesssim$ 2 Myr), whereby the disks are photoevaporated while planets are in a slow phase of gas accretion. We find that super Earth compositions range from dry and rocky ($<$ 6 % ice by mass) to those with substantial water contents ($>$ 30 % ice by mass). The traps play a crucial role in our results, as they dictate where in the disk particular planets can accrete from, and what compositions they are able to acquire.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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