Shadows of characteristic cycles, Verma modules, and positivity of Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes of Schubert cells
Paolo Aluffi, Leonardo C. Mihalcea, Joerg Schuermann, Changjian Su
备注：
54 pages; substantial changes in v3 including: a simplified proof of the positivity theorem based on a transversality formula for CSM classes; added details and improved exposition; added appendix on the equivariant versions of non-characteristic pull backs of characteristic cycles and an equivariant CSM transversality formula
Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson (CSM) classes generalize to singular and/or noncompact varieties the classical total homology Chern class of the tangent bundle of a smooth compact complex manifold. The theory of CSM classes has been extended to the equivariant setting by Ohmoto. We prove that for an arbitrary complex projective manifold $X$, the homogenized, torus equivariant CSM class of a constructible function $φ$ is the restriction of the characteristic cycle of $φ$ via the zero section of the cotangent bundle of $X$. This extends to the equivariant setting results of Ginzburg and Sabbah. We specialize $X$ to be a (generalized) flag manifold $G/B$. In this case CSM classes are determined by a Demazure-Lusztig (DL) operator. We prove a `Hecke orthogonality' of CSM classes, determined by the DL operator and its Poincar{é} adjoint. We further use the theory of holonomic $\mathcal{D}_X$-modules to show that the characteristic cycle of a Verma module, restricted to the zero section, gives the CSM class of the corresponding Schubert cell. Since the Verma characteristic cycles naturally identify with the Maulik and Okounkov's stable envelopes, we establish an equivalence between CSM classes and stable envelopes; this reproves results of Rim{á}nyi and Varchenko. As an application, we obtain a Segre type formula for CSM classes. In the non-equivariant case this formula is manifestly positive, showing that the expansion in the Schubert basis of the CSM class of a Schubert cell is effective. This proves a previous conjecture by Aluffi and Mihalcea, and it extends previous positivity results by J. Huh in the Grassmann manifold case. Finally, we generalize all of this to partial flag manifolds $G/P$.
Topological invariants such as characteristic classes are an important tool to aid in understanding and categorizing the structure and properties of algebraic varieties. In this note we consider the problem of computing a particular characteristic class, the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class, of a complete simplicial toric variety X defined by a fan from the combinatorial data contained in the fan. Specifically, we give an effective combinatorial algorithm to compute the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class of X, in the Chow ring (or rational Chow ring) of X. This method is formulated by combining, a…
We give a combinatorial interpretation of a certain positivity conjecture of Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes, as stated by P. Aluffi and the author in a previous paper. It translates into a positivity property for a sum of p by p determinants consisting of binomial coefficients, generalizing the classical Theorem of Lindstrom-Gessel-Viennot et al. which computes these determinants in terms of non-intersecting lattice paths. We prove this conjecture for p=2,3.
We define Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson (CSM) cycles of an arbitrary matroid. These are balanced weighted fans supported on the skeleta of the corresponding Bergman fan. In the case that the matroid arises from a complex hyperplane arrangement A, we show that these cycles represent the CSM class of the complement of A. We also prove that for any matroid, the degrees of its CSM cycles are given by the coefficients of (a shift of) the reduced characteristic polynomial, and that CSM cycles are valuations under matroid polytope subdivisions.
We give a short proof of the fact that the Chern classes for singular varieties defined by Marie-Helene Schwartz by means of "radial frames" agree with the functorial notion defined by Robert MacPherson.
We generalize the definition of Pro-Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson (Pro-CSM) class of Aluffi for schemes to not necessarily proper DM stacks. The Pro-CSM class of constructible functions on a DM stack $\cX$ can be similarly defined. In the case that $\cX$ is proper, the Pro-CSM class of the Behrend function of $\cX$ is the same as the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson (CSM) class for the Behrend function. The integration of this class over $\cX$ gives rise to the weighted Euler characteristic corresponding to the Behrend function, thus proving a conjecture of Behrend.
Let $V$ be a closed subscheme of a projective space $\mathbb{P}^n$. We give an algorithm to compute the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class, Euler characteristic and Segre class of $ V$. The algorithm can be implemented using either symbolic or numerical methods. The algorithm is based on a new method for calculating the projective degrees of a rational map defined by a homogeneous ideal. Using this result and known formulas for the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class of a projective hypersurface and the Segre class of a projective variety in terms of the projective degrees of certain rational maps we…
We give a general formula for the defect appearing in the Verdier-type Riemann-Roch formula for Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes in the case of a regular embedding. Our proof of this formula uses the constructible function version of Verdier's specialization functor, together with a specialization property of Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes and the corresponding Riemann-Roch theorem for smooth morphisms. As a very special case we get a formula for the Milnor-class of a local complete intersection in a smooth manifold, which in the case of a hypersurface gives back a result of Parusinski-Pra…
Let M be a smooth complex projective variety, bearing a Kähler symplectic form ωand a Hamiltonian action of a torus T, with finitely many fixed points M^T. One standard form of the Duistermaat-Heckman theorem gives a formula for M's Duistermaat-Heckman measure DH_T(M,ω) as an alternating sum of projections of cones, with overall direction determined by a Morse decomposition of M. Using Victor Ginzburg's construction of Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes, we show that these individual cone terms can themselves be interpreted as Duistermaat-Heckman measures of cycles in T^*M. (This has a similar …
This is a note on MacPherson's Chern class for algebraic stacks, based on a previous paper of the author [arXiv:math/0407348]. We also discuss other additive characteristic classes in the same manner.
Let $V$ be a possibly singular scheme-theoretic complete intersection subscheme of $\mathbb{P}^n$ over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. Using a recent result of Fullwood ("On Milnor classes via invariants of singular subschemes", Journal of Singularities) we develop an algorithm to compute the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class and Euler characteristic of $V$. This algorithm complements existing algorithms by providing performance improvements in the computation of the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class and Euler characteristic for certain types of complete intersection subschem…
There is an explicit formula expressing the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class of a hypersurface in a nonsingular variety (in characteristic $0$) in terms of the Segre class of its jacobian subscheme; this has been known for a number of years. We generalize this formula to arbitrary embeddable schemes: for every subscheme $X$ of a nonsingular variety $V$, we define an associated subscheme $Y$ of a projective bundle over $V$ and provide an explicit formula for the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class of $X$ in terms of the Segre class of $Y$. If $X$ is a local complete intersection, a version of the re…
For a large class of possibly singular complete intersections we prove a formula for their Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes in terms of a single blowup along a scheme supported on the singular loci of such varieties. In the hypersurface case our formula recovers a formula of Aluffi proven in 1996. As our formula is in no way tailored to the complete intersection hypothesis, we conjecture that it holds for all closed subschemes of a smooth variety. If in fact true, such a formula would provide a simple characterization of the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class which does not depend on a resolutio…
We introduce a formal integral on the system of varieties mapping properly and birationally to a given one, with value in an associated Chow group. Applications include comparisons of Chern numbers of birational varieties, new birational invariants, `stringy' Chern classes, and a `celestial' zeta function specializing to the topological zeta function. In its simplest manifestation, the integral gives a new expression for Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes of possibly singular varieties, placing them into a context in which a `change of variable' formula holds. The formalism has points of contac…
We define an `enriched' notion of Chow groups for algebraic varieties, agreeing with the conventional notion for complete varieties, but enjoying a functorial push-forward for arbitrary maps. This tool allows us to glue intersection-theoretic information across elements of a stratification of a variety; we illustrate this operation by giving a direct construction of Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes of singular varieties, providing a new proof of an old (and long since settled) conjecture of Deligne and Grothendieck.
We discuss a relationship between Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes for Schubert cells in flag manifolds, Fomin-Kirillov algebra, and the generalized nil-Hecke algebra. We show that nonnegativity conjecture in Fomin-Kirillov algebra implies the nonnegativity of the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes for Schubert cells in flag manifolds for type A. Motivated by this connection, we also prove that the (equivariant) Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes for Schubert cells in flag manifolds are certain summations of the structure constants of the equivariant cohomology of the Bott-Samelson varieties. W…
Consider the natural torus action on a partial flag manifold $Fl$. Let $Ω_I\subset Fl$ be an open Schubert variety, and let $c^{sm}(Ω_I)\in H_T^*(Fl)$ be its torus equivariant Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class. We show a set of interpolation properties that uniquely determine $c^{sm}(Ω_I)$, as well as a formula, of `localization type', for $c^{sm}(Ω_I)$. In fact, we proved similar results for a class $κ_I\in H_T^*(Fl)$ --- in the context of quantum group actions on the equivariant cohomology groups of partial flag varieties. In this note we show that $c^{SM}(Ω_I)=κ_I$.
The Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class (CSM) and the Segre-Schwartz-MacPherson class (SSM) are deformations of the fundamental class of an algebraic variety. They encode finer enumerative invariants of the variety than its fundamental class. In this paper we offer three contributions to the theory of equivariant CSM/SSM classes. First, we prove an interpolation characterization for CSM classes of certain representations. This method---inspired by recent works of Maulik-Okounkov and Gorbounov-Rimanyi-Tarasov-Varchenko---does not require a resolution of singularities and often produces explicit (no…
We obtain an algorithm computing the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson (CSM) classes of Schubert cells in a generalized flag manifold G/B. In analogy to how the ordinary divided difference operators act on Schubert classes, each CSM class of a Schubert class is obtained by applying certain Demazure-Lusztig type operators to the CSM class of a cell of dimension one less. These operators define a representation of the Weyl group on the homology of G/B. By functoriality, we deduce algorithmic expressions for CSM classes of Schubert cells in any flag manifold G/P. We conjecture that the CSM classes of Sch…
Following some work of Aluffi-Mihalcea-Schürmann-Su for the CSM classes of Schubert cells and some elaborate computer calculations by R. Rimanyi and L. Mihalcea, I conjecture that the CSM classes of the Richardson cells expressed in the Schubert basis have nonnegative coefficients. This conjecture was principally motivated by a new product $\square$ coming from the Segre classes in the cohomology of flag varieties (such that the associated Gr of this product is the standard cup product) and the conjecture that the structure constants of this new product $\square$ in the standard Schubert basis…
We show that the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class of a hypersurface X in a nonsingular variety M `interpolates' between two other notions of characteristic classes for singular varieties, provided that the singular locus of X is smooth and that certain numerical invariants of X are constant along this locus. This allows us to define a lift of the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class of such `nice' hypersurfaces to intersection homology. As another application, the interpolation result leads to an explicit formula for the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class of X in terms of its polar classes.
We develop Pieri type as well as Murnaghan--Nakayama type formulas for equivariant Chern--Schwartz--MacPherson classes of Schubert cells in the classical flag variety. These formulas include as special cases many previously known multiplication formulas for Chern--Schwartz--MacPherson classes or Schubert classes. We apply the equivariant Murnaghan--Nakayama formula to the enumeration of rim hook tableaux.
We present an algorithm for the symbolic and numerical computation of the degrees of the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes of a closed subvariety of projective space P^n. As the degree of the top Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class is the topological Euler characteristic, this also yields a method to compute the topological Euler characteristic of projective varieties. The method is based on Aluffi's symbolic algorithm to compute degrees of Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes, a symbolic method to compute degrees of Segre classes, and the regenerative cascade by Hauenstein, Sommese and Wampler. The …
A formula for the structure constants of the multiplication of Schubert classes is obtained in arXiv:1909.05283. In this note, we prove analogous formulae for the Chern--Schwartz--MacPherson (CSM) classes and Segre--Schwartz--MacPherson (SSM) classes of Schubert cells in the flag variety. By the equivalence between the CSM classes and the stable basis elements for the cotangent bundle of the flag variety, a formula for the structure constants for the latter is also deduced.
We introduce a notion of `proChow group' of varieties, agreeing with the notion of Chow group for complete varieties and covariantly functorial with respect to arbitrary morphisms. We construct a natural transformation from the functor of constructible functions to the proChow functor, extending MacPherson's natural transformation. We illustrate the result by providing very short proofs of (a generalization of) two well-known facts on Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes: Kwiecinski's product formula, and the Ehlers-Barthel-Brasselet-Fieseler computation of Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes of to…
In this paper we compare different notions of transversality for possible singular complex algebraic or analytic subsets of an ambient complex manifold and prove a refined intersection formula for their Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes. In case of a transversal intersection of complex Whitney stratified sets, this result is well known. For splayed subsets it was conjectured (and proven in some cases) by Aluffi and Faber. Both notions are stronger than a micro-local "non-characteristic intersection" condition for the characteristic cycles of (associated) constructible functions, which neverthe…
We give a new formula for the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class of a hypersurface in a nonsigular compact complex analytic variety. In particular this formula generalizes our previous result on the Euler characteristic of such a hypersurface. Two different approaches are presented. The first is based on the theory of characteristic cycle and the works of Sabbah, Briancon-Maisonobe-Merle, and Le-Mebkhout. In particular, this approach leads to a simple proof of a formula of Aluffi for the above mentioned class. The second approach uses Verdier's specialization property of the Chern-Schwartz-MacPhe…
We introduce the conormal fan of a matroid M, which is a Lagrangian analog of the Bergman fan of M. We use the conormal fan to give a Lagrangian interpretation of the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson cycle of M. This allows us to express the h-vector of the broken circuit complex of M in terms of the intersection theory of the conormal fan of M. We also develop general tools for tropical Hodge theory to prove that the conormal fan satisfies Poincaré duality, the hard Lefschetz theorem, and the Hodge-Riemann relations. The Lagrangian interpretation of the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson cycle of M, when com…
We show that the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class of a Schubert cell in a Grassmannian is represented by a reduced and irreducible subvariety in each degree. This gives an affirmative answer to a positivity conjecture of Aluffi and Mihalcea.
We obtain several new characterizations of splayedness for divisors: a Leibniz property for ideals of singularity subschemes, the vanishing of a `splayedness' module, and the requirements that certain natural morphisms of modules and sheaves of logarithmic derivations and logarithmic differentials be isomorphisms. We also consider the effect of splayedness on the Chern classes of sheaves of differential forms with logarithmic poles along splayed divisors, as well as on the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes of the complements of these divisors. A postulated relation between these different noti…
We give two formulas for the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class of symmetric and skew-symmetric degeneracy loci. We apply them in enumerative geometry, explore their algebraic combinatorics, and discuss K theory generalizations.
Consider a complex algebraic group $G$ acting on a smooth variety $M$ with finitely many orbits, and let $Ω$ be an orbit. The following three invariants of $Ω\subset M$ can be characterized axiomatically: (1) the equivariant fundamental class $[\overlineΩ, M]\in H^*_G(M)$, (2) the equivariant Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class $c(Ω, M)\in H^*_G(M)$, and (3) the equivariant motivic Chern class $mC(Ω, M) \in K_G(M)[y]$. The axioms for Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson and motivic Chern classes are motivated by the axioms for cohomological and K-theoretic stable envelopes of Okounkov and his coauthors. For …
We give explicit formulas for the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes of all Schubert varieties in the Grassmannian of $d$-planes in a vector space, and conjecture that these classes are effective. We prove this is the case for (very) small values of $d$.
For a complex variety with a torus action we propose a new method of computing Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes. The method does not apply resolution of singularities. It is based on Localization Theorem in equivariant cohomology.
Let $K$ be an algebraically closed field of characteristic $0$. For $m\geq n$, we define $τ_{m,n,k}$ to be the set of $m\times n$ matrices over $K$ with kernel dimension $\geq k$. This is a projective subvariety of $\bbP^{mn-1}$, and is called the (generic) determinantal variety. In most cases $τ_{m,n,k}$ is singular with singular locus $τ_{m,n,k+1}$. In this paper we give explicit formulas computing the Chern-Mather class ($c_M$) and the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class ($c_{SM}$) of $τ_{m,n,k}$, as classes in the projective space. We also obtain formulas for the conormal cycles and the charac…
The Chern class of the sheaf of logarithmic derivations along a simple normal crossing divisor equals the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class of the complement of the divisor. We extend this equality to more general divisors, which are locally analytically isomorphic to free hyperplane arrangements.
Paolo Aluffi showed that the Chern--Schwartz--MacPherson class of the complement of a free arrangement agrees with the total Chern class of the sheaf of logarithmic derivations along the arrangement. We describe the defect of equality of the two classes for locally tame arrangements with isolated non-free singular loci.
We define the equivariant Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class of a possibly singular algebraic variety with a group action over the complex number field (or a field of characteristic 0). In fact, we construct a natural transformation from the equivariant constructible function functor to the equivariant homology functor (in the sense of Totaro-Edidin-Graham), which may be regarded as MacPherson's transformation for (certain) quotient stacks. We discuss on other type Chern/Segre classes and give some applications generalizing orbifold Euler characteristics and Thom polynomials of singularities. The…
We study the behavior of the Chern classes of graph hypersurfaces under the operation of deletion-contraction of an edge of the corresponding graph. We obtain an explicit formula when the edge satisfies two technical conditions, and prove that both these conditions hold when the edge is multiple in the graph. This leads to recursions for the Chern classes of graph hypersurfaces for graphs obtained by adding parallel edges to a given (regular) edge. Analogous results for the case of Grothendieck classes of graph hypersurfaces were obtained in previous work. Both Grothendieck classes and Chern c…
We obtain several formulas for the Euclidean distance degree (ED degree) of an arbitrary nonsingular variety in projective space: in terms of Chern and Segre classes, Milnor classes, Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes, and an extremely simple formula equating the Euclidean distance degree of X with the Euler characteristic of an open subset of X.
We discuss a method for calculating the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson (CSM) class of a Schubert variety in the Grassmannian using small resolutions introduced by Zelevinsky. As a consequence, we show how to compute the Chern-Mather class and local Euler obstructions using small resolutions instead of the Nash blowup. The algorithm obtained for CSM classes also allows us to prove new cases of a positivity conjecture of Aluffi and Mihalcea.
Michael Gromov has recently initiated what he calls ``symbolic algebraic geometry", in which objects are proalgebraic varieties: a proalgebraic variety is by definition the projective limit of a projective system of algebraic varieties. In this paper we construct Chern--Schwartz--MacPherson classes of proalgebraic varieties, by introducing the notion of ``proconstructible functions " and "$χ$-stable proconstructible functions" and using the Fulton-MacPherson's Bivariant Theory. As a "motivic" version of a $χ$-stable proconstructible function, $\Ga$-stable constructible functions are introduced…
We propose a variation of the notion of Segre class, by forcing a naive `inclusion-exclusion' principle to hold. The resulting class is computationally tractable, and is closely related to Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes. We deduce several general properties of the new class from this relation, and obtain an expression for the Milnor class of a scheme in terms of this class.
The Milnor class is a generalization of the Milnor number, defined as the difference (up to sign) of Chern--Schwartz--MacPherson's class and Fulton--Johnson's canonical Chern class of a local complete intersection variety in a smooth variety. In this paper we introduce a "motivic" Grothendieck group $K^{\mathcal Prop}_{\ell.c.i}(\mathcal V/X \to S)$ and natural transformations from this Grothendieck group to the homology theory. We capture the Milnor class, more generally Hirzebruch--Milnor class, as a special value of a distinguished element under these natural transformations. We also show a…
Motivic Chern and Hirzebruch classes are polynomials with K-theory and homology classes as coefficients, which specialize to Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes, K-theory classes, and Cappell-Shaneson L-classes. We provide formulas to compute the motivic Chern and Hirzebruch classes of Grassmannian and vexillary degeneracy loci. We apply our results to obtain the Hirzebruch $χ_y$-genus of classical and one-pointed Brill-Noether varieties, and therefore their topological Euler characteristic, holomorphic Euler characteristic, and signature.
We introduce a class extending the notion of Chern-Mather class to possibly nonreduced schemes, and use it to express the difference between Schwartz-MacPherson's Chern class and the class of the virtual tangent bundle of a singular hypersurface of a nonsingular variety. Applications include constraints on the possible singularities of a hypersurface and on contacts of nonsingular hypersurfaces, and multiplicity computations.
The (homogeneous) Essentially Isolated Determinantal Variety is the natural generalization of generic determinantal variety, and is fundamental example to study non-isolated singularities. In this paper we study the characteristic classes on these varieties. We give explicit formulas of their Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes and Chern-Mather classes via standard Schubert calculus. As corollaries we obtain formulas for their (generic) sectional Euler characteristics, characteristic cycles and polar classes.
Motivic integration and MacPherson's transformation are combined in this paper to construct a theory of "stringy" Chern classes for singular varieties. These classes enjoy strong birational invariance properties, and their definition encodes data coming from resolution of singularities. The singularities allowed in the theory are those typical of the minimal model program; examples are given by quotients of manifolds by finite groups. For the latter an explicit formula is proven, assuming that the canonical line bundle of the manifold descends to the quotient. This gives an expression of the s…
Let $X$ be a nonsingular variety defined over an algebraically closed field of characteristic $0$, and $D$ be a free divisor with Jacobian ideal of linear type. We compute the Chern class of the sheaf of logarithmic derivations along $D$ and compare it with the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class of the hypersurface complement. Our result establishes a conjecture by Aluffi raised in \cite{hyparr}.
We generalize the Chern class relation for the transversal intersection of two nonsingular varieties to a relation for possibly singular varieties, under a 'splayedness' assumption. The relation is shown to hold for both the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class and the Chern-Fulton class. The main tool is a formula for Segre classes of splayed subschemes. We also discuss the Chern class relation under the assumption that one of the varieties is a general very ample divisor.
For a possibly singular complex variety $X$, generating functions of total "orbifold Chern homology classes" of symmetric products $S^nX$ are given. Those are very natural "Chern class versions" (in the sense of Schwartz-MacPherson) of known generating function formulae of (generalized) orbifold Euler characteristics of $S^nX$. In fact more generally we introduce the "class version" of the Dey-Wohlfahrt formula in classical group theory.
In this survey paper we review recent advances in the calculus of Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson, motivic Chern, and elliptic classes of classical Schubert varieties. These three theories are one-parameter ($\hbar$) deformations of the notion of fundamental class in their respective extraordinary cohomology theories. Examining these three classes in conjunction is justified by their relation to Okounkov's stable envelope notion. We review formulas for the $\hbar$-deformed classes originating from Tarasov-Varchenko weight functions, as well as their orthogonality relations. As a consequence, explici…
The purpose of this short note is to prove a formula for the Chern-Mather classes of a toric variety in terms of its orbits and the local Euler obstructions at general points of each orbit (Theorem 2). We use the general definition of the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes (see [7]) and their special expression in case of a toric variety (see [2]). As a corollary, we obtain a formula by Matsui-Takeuchi [8, Corollary 1.6]. Alternatively, one could deduce the formula of Theorem 2 from the Matsui-Takeuchi formula, by using our general result [11, Theoreme 3] for the degree of the polar varieties i…
Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications（北京数学与应用数学研究所）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；National Research University Higher School of Economics（国立高等经济大学）；Yau Mathematical Sciences Center, Tsinghua University（清华大学丘成桐数学科学中心）
