Motivated by the near-horizon geometry of four-dimensional extremal black holes, we study a disordered quantum mechanical system invariant under a global $SU(2)$ symmetry. As in the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model, this system exhibits an approximate $SL(2,\mathbb{R})$ symmetry at low energies, but also allows for a continuous family of $SU(2)$ breaking marginal deformations. Beyond a certain critical value for the marginal coupling, the model exhibits a quantum phase transition from the gapless phase to a gapped one and we calculate the critical exponents of this transition. We also show that charged, rotating extremal black holes exhibit a transition when the angular velocity of the horizon is tuned to a certain critical value. Where possible we draw parallels between the disordered quantum mechanics and charged, rotating black holes.
We explore the signature of the extra dimension in the Hawking radiation in a rotating Kaluza-Klein black hole with squashed horizons. Comparing with the spherical case, we find that the rotating parameter brings richer physics. We obtain the appropriate size of the extra dimension which can enhance the Hawking radiation and may open a window to detect the extra dimensions.
We study the CFT dual to five dimensional extremal rotating black holes, by investigating the two dimensional perspective of their near horizon geometry. From two dimensional point of view, we show that both gauge fields, related to the two rotations, appear in the same manner in the asymptotic symmetry and in the associated central charge. We find that, our results are in perfect agreement with the generalization of Kerr/CFT approach to five dimensional extremal rotating black holes.
We interpret the general rotating black holes in five dimensions as rotating black strings in six dimensions. In the near horizon limit the geometry is locally AdS_3 x S_3, as in the nonrotating case. However, the global structure couples the AdS_3 and the S_3, giving angular velocity to the S_3. The asymptotic geometry is exploited to count the microstates and recover the precise value of the Bekenstein- Hawking entropy, with rotation taken properly into account. We discuss the perturbation spectrum of the rotating black hole, and its relation to the underlying conformal field theory.
We show that the semiclassical entropy of $D$-dimensional rotating (an)isotropic black holes with planar horizon can be successfully computed according to a Cardy-like formula. This formula does not refer to any central charges but instead involves the vacuum energy which is identified with a gravitational bulk soliton. The soliton is obtained from the non-rotating black hole solution by means of a double analytic continuation. The robustness of the Cardy-like formula is tested with numerous and varied examples, including AdS, Lifshitz and hyperscaling violation planar black holes.
We show that a class of four-dimensional rotating black holes allow five-dimensional embeddings as black rotating strings. Their near-horizon geometry factorizes locally as a product of the three-dimensional anti-deSitter space-time and a two-dimensional sphere (AdS_3 x S^2), with angular momentum encoded in the global space-time structure. Following the observation that the isometries on the AdS_3 space induce a two-dimensional (super)conformal field theory on the boundary, we reproduce the microscopic entropy with the correct dependence on the black hole angular momentum.
We find a rotating Kaluza-Klein black hole solution with a squashed $S^3$ horizon in five dimensions. This is a Kerr counterpart of the charged one found by Ishihara and Matsuno (hep-th/0510094) recently. The space-time is geodesic complete and free of naked singularity. Its asymptotic structure is a twisted $S^1$ fiber bundle over a four dimensional Minkowski space-time. We also study the mass and thermodynamics of this black hole.
We classify the necessary and sufficient conditions to obtain the near-horizon geometry of extremal supersymmetric rotating black holes embedded in 11d supergravity. Such rotating black holes admit an AdS$_2$ near-horizon geometry which is fibered by the transverse spacetime directions. Despite their clear interest to understanding the entropy of rotating black holes, these solutions have evaded all previous supersymmetric classification programs due to the non-trivial fibration structure. In this paper we allow for the most general fibration over AdS$_2$ with a flux configuration permitting r…
One of the most important geodesics in a black-hole spacetime is the marginally bound spherical orbit. This critical geodesic represents the innermost spherical orbit which is bound to the central black hole. The radii $r_{\text{mb}}({\bar a})$ of the marginally bound {\it equatorial} circular geodesics of rotating Kerr black holes were found analytically by Bardeen {\it et. al.} more than four decades ago (here $\bar a\equiv J/M^2$ is the dimensionless angular-momentum of the black hole). On the other hand, no closed-form formula exists in the literature for the radii of generic ({\it non}-eq…
A new holographic duality named Kerr/CFT correspondence was recently proposed to derive the statistical entropy of four-dimensional extremal Kerr black holes via identifying the quantum states in the near-horizon region with those of two-dimensional conformal field theory living on the boundary. In this paper, we apply this method to investigate five-dimensional extremal Kerr and Cvetič-Youm black holes with squashed horizons in different coordinates and find that the near-horizon geometries are not affected by the squashing transformation. Our investigation shows that the microscopic entropie…
Using the Schwarzschild-type coordinates in stead of the global ones we reconstruct the classical rotating closed string solutions in the AdS*5 x S*5 backgrounds. They are explicitly described by the Jacobi elliptic and trigonometrical functions of worldsheet coordinates. We study the orbiting closed string configurations in the near-horizon geometries of Dp, NS1 and NS5 branes, and derive the energy and spin of them, whose relation takes a simple form for short strings. Specially in the D5 and NS5 backgrounds we have a linear relation that the energy of the point-like string is proportional t…
Rotating maximal black holes in four-dimensional de Sitter space, for which the outer event horizon coincides with the cosmological horizon, have an infinite near-horizon region described by the rotating Nariai metric. We show that the asymptotic symmetry group at the spacelike future boundary of the near-horizon region contains a Virasoro algebra with a real, positive central charge. This is evidence that quantum gravity in a rotating Nariai background is dual to a two-dimensional Euclidean conformal field theory. These results are related to the Kerr/CFT correspondence for extremal black hol…
We investigate the thermodynamics of Kerr-Newman-Kasuya black hole and the Reissner-Nordstrom black hole with a global monopole on inner and outer horizons. Products of surface gravities, surface temperatures, Komar energies, electromagnetic potentials, angular velocities, areas, entropies, horizon radii and the irreducible masses at the Cauchy and the event horizons are calculated. It is observed that the product of surface gravities, surface temperature product and product of Komar energies, electromagnetic potentials and angular velocities at horizons are not universal quantities for these…
Five-dimensional non-extreme rotating black holes with large NS-NS five-brane and fundamental string charge are shown to be described by a conformal sigma model, which is a marginal integrable deformation of six-dimensional SL(2,R) x SU(2) WZW model. The two WZW levels are equal to the five-brane charge, while the parameters of the two marginal deformations generated by the left and right chiral SU(2) currents are proportional to the two angular momentum components of the black hole. The near-horizon description is effectively in terms of a free fundamental string whose tension is rescaled by …
Considering gravitational and gauge anomalies at the horizon, a new method that to derive Hawking radiations from black holes has been developed by Wilczek et al. In this paper, we apply this method to non-rotating and rotating Kaluza-Klein black holes with squashed horizon, respectively. For the rotating case, we found that, after the dimensional reduction, an effective U(1) gauge field is generated by an angular isometry. The results show that the gauge current and energy-momentum tensor fluxes are exactly equivalent to Hawking radiation from the event horizon.
We investigate the description of the region behind the event horizon in rotating black holes in the AdS/CFT correspondence, using the rotating BTZ black hole as a concrete example. We extend a technique introduced by Kraus, Ooguri and Shenker [hep-th/0212277], based on analytically continuing amplitudes defined in a Euclidean space, to include rotation. In the rotating case, boundary amplitudes again have two different bulk descriptions, involving either integration only over the regions outside the black holes' event horizon, or integration over this region and the region between the event h…
Charged rotating black holes of Einstein-Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory in odd dimensions, $D \ge 5$, may possess a negative horizon mass, while their total mass is positive. This surprising feature is related to the existence of counterrotating solutions, where the horizon angular velocity $Ω$ and the angular momentum $J$ possess opposite signs. Black holes may further possess vanishing horizon angular velocity while they have finite angular momentum, or they may possess finite horizon angular velocity while their angular momentum vanishes. In D=9 even non-static black holes with $Ω=J=0$ appear.…
Hawking radiation from black hole horizon can be viewed as a quantum tunnelling process, and fermions via tunnelling can successfully recover Hawking temperature. In this paper, considering the tunnelling particles with spin 1/2 (namely, Dirac particles), we further improve Kerner and Man's fermion tunnelling method to study Hawking radiation via tunnelling from rotating black holes in de Sitter spaces, specifically including that from Kerr de Sitter black hole and Kerr-Newman de Sitter black hole. As a result, Hawking temperatures at the event horizon (EH) and the cosmological horizon (CH) ar…
Five-dimensional stringy rotating black holes are embedded into N=2 supergravity interacting with one vector multiplet. The existence of an unbroken supersymmetry of the rotating solution is proved directly by solving the Killing spinor equations. The asymptotic enhancement of supersymmetry near the horizon in the presence of rotation is established via the calculation of the super-curvature. The area of the horizon of the rotating supersymmetric black holes is found to be $\sqrt {Z_{fix}^{3 }- J^2}$, where $Z_{fix}$ is the extremal value of the central charge in moduli space.
The bulk reconstruction program aims to obtain representations of bulk fields as operators in the boundary CFT. In this paper we extend the program by obtaining the boundary representation for a scalar field in a rotating BTZ black hole. We find that the representation of the field near the inner horizon shows novel features. We also obtain a representation for fields inside the horizon as operators in a single boundary CFT using mirror operator construction.
Well-known results demonstrate the uniqueness of extremal isolated horizons (equivalently near-horizon spacetimes) in (3+1)-dimensions. This paper briefly reviews some of these results and then explicitly constructs families of non-asymptotically flat, non-spherically symmetric spacetimes that nevertheless contain spherically symmetric extremal horizons that are isomorphic to those found in Reissner-Nordstrom spacetimes.
We analyze stationary BPS black hole solutions to 4d $\mathcal{N}=2$ abelian gauged supergravity. Using an appropriate near horizon ansatz, we construct rotating attractors with magnetic flux realizing a topological twist along the horizon surface, for any theory with a symmetric scalar manifold. An analytic flow to asymptotically locally $AdS_4$ is presented for a subclass of these near horizon geometries, and an explicit new example of supersymmetric $AdS_4$ rotating black hole is discussed in detail. We further note that, upon tuning the gauging to special values, one can obtain solutions w…
We study a modified horizon thermodynamics and the associated criticality for rotating black hole spacetimes. Namely, we show that under a virtual displacement of the black hole horizon accompanied by an independent variation of the rotation parameter, the radial Einstein equation takes a form of a "cohomogeneity two" horizon first law, $dE=TdS+ΩdJ-σdA$, where $E$ and $J$ are the horizon energy (an analogue of the Misner-Sharp mass) and the horizon angular momentum, $Ω$ is the horizon angular velocity, $A$ is the horizon area, and $σ$ is the surface tension induced by the matter fields. For fi…
We present a new 1/8 supersymmetric intersecting M-brane solution of D=11 supergravity with two independent rotation parameters. The metric has a non-singular event horizon and the near-horizon geometry is $adS_3\times S^3\times S^3\times\bE^2$ (just as in the non-rotating case). We also present a method of determining the isometry supergroup of supergravity solutions from the Killing spinors and use it to show that for the near horizon solution it is $D(2|1,α)\times D(2|1,α)$ where $α$ is the ratio of the two 3-sphere radii. We also consider various dimensional reductions of our solution, and…
We show that the attractor mechanism for generic black hole is a consequence of the double-horizon. Investigation of equations of motion shows that in the case of the double-horizon black holes, the dynamics of the geometry, the scalars and the gauge fields at the horizon decouples from the rest of the space. In the general case, the value of the fields at the horizon satisfies a number of differential equations of functions of the $θ$ coordinate. We show this for the case of rotating and non-rotating electrically charged black holes in the general two derivative theories of gravity and f(R) g…
We present arguments for the existence of charged, rotating black holes with equal magnitude angular momenta in $d=5$ Einstein-Yang-Mills theory with negative cosmological constant. These solutions posses a regular horizon of spherical topology and approach asymptotically the Anti-de Sitter spacetime background. The black hole solutions have also an electric charge and a nonvanishing magnetic flux through the sphere at infinity. Different from the static case, no regular solution with a nonvanishing angular momenta is found for a vanishing event horizon radius.
We consider stationary extremal black hole solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations with a negative cosmological constant in four dimensions. We determine all non-static axisymmetric near-horizon geometries (with non-toroidal horizon topology) and all static near-horizon geometries for black holes of this kind. This allows us to deduce that the most general near-horizon geometry of an asymptotically globally AdS(4) rotating extremal black hole, is the near-horizon limit of extremal Kerr-Newman-AdS(4). We also identify the subset of near-horizon geometries which are supersymmetric. Finally, …
Kerr/CFT correspondence has been recently applied to various types of 5D extremal rotating black holes. A common feature of all such examples is the existence of two chiral CFT duals corresponding to the U(1) symmetries of the near horizon geometry. In this paper, by studying the moduli space of the near horizon metric of five dimensional extremal black holes which are asymptotically flat or AdS, we realize an SL(2,Z) modular group which is a symmetry of the near horizon geometry. We show that there is a lattice of chiral CFT duals corresponding to the moduli points identified under the action…
We investigate the asymptotic supersymmetry group of the near horizon region of the BMPV black holes, which are the rotating BPS black holes in five dimensions. When considering only bosonic fluctuations, we show that there exist consistent boundary conditions and the corresponding asymptotic symmetry group is generated by a chiral Virasoro algebra with the vanishing central charge. After turning on fermionic fluctuations with the boundary conditions, we also show that the asymptotic supersymmetry group is generated by a chiral super-Virasoro algebra with the vanishing central extension. The s…
The covariant phase technique is used to compute the constraint algebra of the stationary axisymmetric charged black hole. A standard Virasoro subalgebra with corresponding central charge is constructed at a Killing horizon with Carlip's boundary conditions. For the Kerr-Newman black hole and the Kerr-Newman-AdS black hole, the density of states determined by conformal fields theory methods yields the statistical entropy which agrees with the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy.
From Accelerating Rotating Black Holes to a Swirling Universe
Institute of Mathematics of the Czech Academy of Sciences（捷克科学院数学研究所）；Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Serena（拉塞雷纳大学研究与研究生院）；Sede Esmeralda, Universidad de Tarapacá（塔拉帕卡大学埃斯梅尔达校区）；Institute of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University（查理大学数学物理学院理论物理研究所）
The Horizon Quantum Mechanics is an approach that was previously introduced in order to analyse the gravitational radius of spherically symmetric systems and compute the probability that a given quantum state is a black hole. In this work, we first extend the formalism to general space-times with asymptotic (ADM) mass and angular momentum. We then apply the extended Horizon Quantum Mechanics to a harmonic model of rotating corpuscular black holes. We find that simple configurations of this model naturally suppress the appearance of the inner horizon and seem to disfavour extremal (macroscopic)…
Arguments are given for the conclusion that the energy of collision of two ultrarelativistic elementary particles due to gravitational radiation cannot exceed the Planck value. Comparison of the gravitational and electromagnetic radiation for charged particles close to the horizon of Kerr black hole is made. If for trans-Planckian energy the black hole can arise it is shown that the energy growth used in scattering for interaction of particles is still limited.
Force-Free Electrodynamics for black holes in Anti de Sitter is considered. We present new, energy extracting solutions of Force-Free Electrodynamics in Anti de Sitter - Near Horizon Extremal Kerr and Super-Entropic Near Horizon Extremal Kerr geometries. The relevant equations of motion are derived from an action for force-free plasma surrounding spinning black holes with generic asymptotics. We consider the energy flux of electrodynamic fields in rotating frames to argue that the correct measure for energy extraction is the energy flux measured by a rotating observer in the near horizon regio…
We derive the wave equation for a minimally coupled scalar field in the background of a general rotating five-dimensional black hole. It is written in a form that involves two types of thermodynamic variables, defined at the inner and outer event horizon, respectively. We model the microscopic structure as an effective string theory, with the thermodynamic properties of the left and right moving excitations related to those of the horizons. Previously known solutions to the wave equation are generalized to the rotating case, and their regime of validity is sharpened. We calculate the greybody …
The Horizon Quantum Mechanics is an approach that allows one to analyse the gravitational radius of spherically symmetric systems and compute the probability that a given quantum state is a black hole. We first review the (global) formalism and show how it reproduces a gravitationally inspired GUP relation. This results leads to unacceptably large fluctuations in the horizon size of astrophysical black holes if one insists in describing them as (smeared) central singularities. On the other hand, if they are extended systems, like in the corpuscular models, no such issue arises and one can in f…
We show that the spacetime of the near-horizon limit of the extreme rotating d=5 black hole, which is maximally supersymmetric in N=2,d=5 supergravity for any value of the rotation parameter j in [-1,1], is locally isomorphic to a homogeneous non-symmetric spacetime corresponding to an element of the 1-parameter family of coset spaces SO(2,1)x SO(3)/SO(2)_j in which the subgroup SO(2)_j is a combination of the two SO(2) subgroups of SO(2,1) and SO(3).
We obtain new five-dimensional supersymmetric rotating multi-Kaluza-Klein black hole solutions with the Godel parameter in the Einstein-Maxwell system with a Chern-Simons term. These solutions have no closed timelike curve outside the black hole horizons. At the infinity, the space-time is effectively four-dimensional. Each horizon admits various lens space topologies L(n;1)=S^3/Z_n in addition to a round S^3. The space-time can have outer ergoregions disjointed from the black hole horizons, as well as inner ergoregions attached to each horizon. We discuss the rich structures of ergoregions.
We discuss various properties of rotating Killing horizons in generic $F(R)$ theories of gravity in dimension four for spacetimes endowed with two commuting Killing vector fields. Assuming there is no curvature singularity anywhere on or outside the horizon, we construct a suitable $(3+1)$-foliation. We show that similar to Einstein's gravity, we must have $T_{ab}k^ak^b=0$ on the Killing horizon, where $k^a$ is a null geodesic tangent to the horizon. For axisymmetric spacetimes, the effective gravitational coupling $\sim\,F'^{-1}(R)$ should usually depend upon the polar coordinate and hence ne…
We investigate a stress-energy tensor for a CFT at strong coupling inside a small five-dimensional rotating Myers-Perry black hole with equal angular momenta by using the holographic method. As a gravitational dual, we perturbatively construct a black droplet solution by applying the "derivative expansion" method, generalizing the work of Haddad (arXiv:1207.2305), and analytically compute the holographic stress-energy tensor for our solution. We find that the stress-energy tensor is finite at both the future and past outer (event) horizons, and that the energy density is negative just outside …
We analyze rigidly rotating Nambu--Goto strings in the Kerr spacetime, particularly focusing on the strings sticking in the horizon. From the regularity on the horizon, we find the condition for sticking in the horizon, which is consistent with the second law of the black hole thermodynamics. Energy extraction through the sticking string from a Kerr black hole occurs. We obtain the maximum value of the luminosity of the energy extraction.
In this paper, we show the existence of static and rotating universal horizons and black holes in gravitational theories with the broken Lorentz invariance. We pay particular attention on the ultraviolet regime, and show that universal horizons and black holes exist not only in low energy scales but also in the UV scales. This is realized by presenting various static and stationary exact solutions of the full theory of the projectable Hořava gravity with an extra U(1) symmetry in (2+1)-dimensions, which, by construction, is power-counting renormalizable.
In arXiv:1705.10172 it was proposed that string theory replaces Schwarzschild black holes with horizonless thin shells with an AdS interior. In this paper we extend the analysis to slowly rotating black holes, solving the Israel-Lanczos-Sen junction conditions for a rotating shell composed of stringy matter to determine the metric. Outside of the shell we find a vacuum solution that differs from Kerr with a 32% larger quadrupole moment. We discuss the observational consequences and explore the possibility to distinguish between a black shell and a black hole. Promising methods include imaging …
We investigate the horizon structure and ergosphere in a rotating Bardeen regular black hole, which has an additional parameter ($g$) due to magnetic charge, apart from mass ($M$) and rotation parameter ($a$). Interestingly, for each value of parameter $g$, there exist a critical rotation parameter ($a=a_{E}$), which corresponds to an extremal black hole with degenerate horizons, while for $a<a_{E}$ describes a non-extremal black hole with two horizons, and no black hole for $a>a_{E}$. We find that the extremal value $a_E$ is also influenced by the parameter $g$ and so is the ergosphere. While…
In this paper, we consider the Klein-Gordon equation in a 3D charged rotating hairy black hole background to study behavior of a massive scalar field. In the general case we find periodic-like behavior for the scalar field which may be vanishes at the black hole horizon or far from the black hole horizon. For the special cases of non-rotating or near horizon approximation we find radial solution of Klein-Gordon equation in terms of hypergeometric and Kummer functions. Also for the case of uncharged black hole we find numerical solution of the Klein-Gordon equation as periodic function which ma…
A key result in the proof of black hole uniqueness in 4-dimensions is that a stationary black hole that is ``rotating''--i.e., is such that the stationary Killing field is not everywhere normal to the horizon--must be axisymmetric. The proof of this result in 4-dimensions relies on the fact that the orbits of the stationary Killing field on the horizon have the property that they must return to the same null geodesic generator of the horizon after a certain period, $P$. This latter property follows, in turn, from the fact that the cross-sections of the horizon are two-dimensional spheres. Howe…
We extend the work on thermodynamics of Lorentzian NUTty solutions, by including simultaneously the effect of rotation and electromagnetic charges. Due to the fact that Misner strings carry electric charge, and similar to the non-rotating case, we observe an interesting interplay between the horizon and asymptotic charges. Namely, upon employing the Euclidean action calculation we derive two alternative full cohomogeneity first laws, one that includes the variations of the horizon electric charge and the asymptotic magnetic charge and another that involves the horizon magnetic charge and the a…
We discuss various physical aspects of nonextremal, extremal and supersymmetric black holes in asymptotically anti-de Sitter (ADS) spacetimes. Specifically, we discuss how the isolated horizon (IH) framework leads to an ambiguity-free description of rotating black holes in these spacetimes. We then apply this framework to investigate the properties of supersymmetric isolated horizons (SIHs) in four-dimensional N = 2 gauged supergravity. Among other results we find that they are necessarily extremal, that rotating SIHs must have non-trivial electromagnetic fields, and that non-rotating SIHs nec…
Kerr-Schild solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell field equations, containing semi-infinite axial singular lines, are investigated. It is shown that axial singularities break up the black hole, forming holes in the horizon. As a result, a tube-like region appears which allows matter to escape from the interior without crossing the horizon. It is argued that axial singularities of this kind, leading to very narrow beams, can be created in black holes by external electromagnetic or gravitational excitations and may be at the origin of astrophysically observable effects such as jet formation.
In this work, we consider the fluid/gravity correspondence for general rotating black holes. By using the Petrov-like boundary condition in near horizon limit, we study the correspondence between gravitational perturbation and fluid equation. We find that the dual fluid equation for rotating black holes contains a Coriolis force term, which is closely related to the angular velocity of the black hole horizon. This can be seen as a dual effect for the frame-dragging effect of rotating black hole under the holographic picture.
Following Bekenstein's suggestion that the horizon area of a black hole should be quantized, the discrete spectrum of the horizon area has been investigated in various ways. By considering the quasinormal mode of a black hole, we obtain the transition frequency of the black hole, analogous to the case of a hydrogen atom, in the semiclassical limit. According to Bohr's correspondence principle, this transition frequency at large quantum number is equal to classical oscillation frequency. For the corresponding classical system of periodic motion with this oscillation frequency, an action variabl…
We present arguments for the existence of charged, rotating black holes with equal-magnitude angular momenta in an odd number of dimensions $D\geq 5$. These solutions posses a regular horizon of spherical topology and approach asymptotically the Anti-de Sitter spacetime background. We analyze their global charges, their gyromagnetic ratio and their horizon properties.
Rotating and/or charged black hole spacetimes possess a Cauchy horizon, beyond which Einstein's equations of General Relativity cease to be deterministic. This led to the formulation of the Strong Cosmic Censorship conjecture that such horizons become irregular under field perturbations. We consider linear field perturbations of rotating and electrically-charged (Kerr-Newman-de Sitter) black holes in a universe with a positive cosmological constant. By calculating the quasinormal modes for scalar and fermion fields, we provide evidence for the existence of weak solutions to Einstein's equation…
The destruction of the event horizon of a nonsingular black hole, which is not prevented by the weak cosmic censorship conjecture, might provide us the possibility to access quantum regime of gravity inside black hole. We investigate the possibility of overspinning a nonsingular rotating quantum-corrected black hole by a test particle and a scalar field in this paper, and analyse the effect of the quantum parameter on the destruction of the event horizon. For the test particle injection, both extremal and near-extremal black holes cannot be overspun due to the existence of the quantum paramete…
