Motivated by a recent paper of G. Grätzer, a finite distributive lattice $D$ is said to be fully principal congruence representable if for every subset $Q$ of $D$ containing $0$, $1$, and the set $J(D)$ of nonzero join-irreducible elements of $D$, there exists a finite lattice $L$ and an isomorphism from the congruence lattice of $L$ onto $D$ such that $Q$ corresponds to the set of principal congruences of $L$ under this isomorphism. Based on earlier results of G. Grätzer, H. Lakser, and the present author, we prove that a finite distributive lattice $D$ is fully principal congruence representable if and only if it is planar and it has at most one join-reducible coatom. Furthermore, even the automorphism group of $L$ can arbitrarily be stipulated in this case. Also, we generalize a recent result of G. Grätzer on principal congruence representable subsets of a distributive lattice whose top element is join-irreducible by proving that the automorphism group of the lattice we construct can be arbitrary.
Let $Q$ be a subset of a finite distributive lattice $D$. An algebra $A$ represents the inclusion $Q\subseteq D$ by principal congruences if the congruence lattice of $A$ is isomorphic to $D$ and the ordered set of principal congruences of $A$ corresponds to $Q$ under this isomorphism. If there is such an algebra for every subset $Q$ containing $0$, $1$, and all join-irreducible elements of $D$, then $D$ is said to be fully (A1)-representable. We prove that every fully (A1)-representable finite distributive lattice is planar and it has at most one join-reducible coatom. Conversely, we prove th…
Dilworth's theorem. Every finite distributive lattice $D$ can be represented as the congruence lattice of a finite lattice $L$. We want: Every finite distributive lattice $D$ can be represented as the congruence lattice of a nice finite lattice $L$. nice = sectionally complemented, uniform, semimodular, given automorphism group, regular, uniform, isoform
We provide a Maltsev characterization of congruence distributive varieties by showing that a variety $\mathcal {V}$ is congruence distributive if and only if the congruence identity $α\cap (β\circ γ\circ β) \subseteq αβ\circ γ\circ αβ\circ γ\dots $ ($k$ factors) holds in $\mathcal {V}$, for some natural number $k$.
For a finite distributive lattice $D$, let us call $Q \subseteq D$ \emph{principal congruence representable}, if there is a finite lattice $L$ such that the congruence lattice of $L$ is isomorphic to $D$ and the principal congruences of $L$ correspond to $Q$ under this isomorphism. We find a necessary condition for representability by principal congruences and prove that for finite distributive lattices with a join-irreducible unit element this condition is also sufficient.
We study compatible aggregation functions on a general bounded distributive lattice $L$, where the compatibility is related to the congruences on $L$. As a by-product, a new proof of an earlier result of G. Grätzer is obtained. Moreover, our results yield a new characterization of discrete Sugeno integrals on bounded distributive lattices.
Let the finite distributive lattice $D$ be isomorphic to the congruence lattice of a finite lattice $L$. Let $Q$ denote those elements of $D$ that correspond to principal congruences under this isomorphism. Then $Q$ contains $0,1 \in D$ and all the join-irreducible elements of $D$. If $Q$ contains exactly these elements, we say that $L$ is a minimal representations of $D$ by principal congruences of the lattice $L$. We characterize finite distributive lattices $D$ with a minimal representation by principal congruences with the property that $D$ has at most two dual atoms.
Congruence modular and congruence distributive varieties can be characterized by the existence of sequences of Gumm and Jónsson terms, respectively. Such sequences have variable lengths, in general. It is immediate from the above paragraph that there is a variety with Gumm terms but without Jónsson terms. We prove the quite unexpected result that, on the other hand, if some variety has both kinds of terms, then the minimal lengths of the sequences differ at most by $1$. It follows that every $r$-modular congruence distributive variety is $r^2-r+2$-distributive.
Congruence lattices of semiprime algebras from semi--degenerate congruence--modular varieties fulfill the equivalences from B. A. Davey`s well--known characterization theorem for $m$--Stone bounded distributive lattices, moreover, changing the cardinalities in those equivalent conditions does not change their validity. I prove this by transferring Davey`s Theorem from bounded distributive lattices to such congruence lattices through a certain lattice morphism and using the fact that the codomain of that morphism is a frame. Furthermore, these equivalent conditions are preserved by finite direc…
A classical result of R.\,P. Dilworth states that every finite distributive lattice $D$ can be represented as the congruence lattice of a finite lattice~$L$. A~sharper form was published in G.~Grätzer and E.\,T. Schmidt in 1962, adding the requirement that all congruences in $L$ be principal. Another variant, published in 1998 by the authors and E.\,T. Schmidt, constructs a planar semimodular lattice $L$. In this paper, we merge these two results: we construct $L$ as a planar semimodular lattice in which all congruences are principal. This paper relies on the techniques developed by the author…
Here we describe the least distributive lattice congruence $η$ on an idempotent semiring in general and characterize the varieties $D^\bullet, L^\bullet$ and $R^\bullet$ of all idempotent semirings such that $η=\mathcal{D}^\bullet, \mathcal{L}^\bullet$ and $\mathcal{R}^\bullet$, respectively. If $S \in D^\bullet [L^\bullet, R^\bullet]$, then the multiplicative reduct $(S, \cdot)$ is a [left, right] normal band. Every semiring $S \in D^\bullet$ is a spined product of a semiring in $L^\bullet$ and a semiring in $R^\bullet$ with respect to a distributive lattice.
Let $L$ be a finite lattice and let $I$ be an ideal of $L$. Then the restriction map is a bounded lattice homomorphism of the congruence lattice of~$L$ into the congruence lattice of $I$. In a 2009 paper, the authors proved the converse. In a 2012 paper, G. Czédli proved an analogous result for rectangular lattices. In this paper, we prove a stronger form of Czédli's result and provide a short, elementary, and direct proof.
The {\em reticulation} of an algebra $A$ is a bounded distributive lattice whose prime spectrum of ideals (or filters), endowed with the Stone topology, is homeomorphic to the prime spectrum of congruences of $A$, with its own Stone topology. The reticulation allows algebraic and topological properties to be transferred between the algebra $A$ and bounded distributive lattices, a transfer which is facilitated if we can define a {\em reticulation functor} from a variety containing $A$ to the variety of (bounded) distributive lattices. In this paper, we continue the study of the reticulation of …
We discuss two possible ways of representing tolerances: first, as a homomorphic image of some congruence; second, as the relational composition of some compatible relation with its converse. The second way is independent from the variety under consideration, while the first way is variety-dependent. The relationships between these two kinds of representations are clarified. As an application, we show that any tolerance on some lattice L is the image of some congruence on a subalgebra of L $\times$ L. This is related to recent results by G. Czédli and E. W. Kiss.
We build on the recent characterisation of congruences on the infinite twisted partition monoids $\mathcal{P}_{n}^Φ$ and their finite $d$-twisted homomorphic images $\mathcal{P}_{n,d}^Φ$, and investigate their algebraic and order-theoretic properties. We prove that each congruence of $\mathcal{P}_{n}^Φ$ is (finitely) generated by at most $\lceil\frac{5n}2\rceil$ pairs, and we characterise the principal ones. We also prove that the congruence lattice $\textsf{Cong}(\mathcal{P}_{n}^Φ)$ is not modular (or distributive); it has no infinite ascending chains, but it does have infinite descending cha…
It is known that a lattice is representable as a ring of sets iff the lattice is distributive. CRL is the class of bounded distributive lattices (DLs) which have representations preserving arbitrary joins and meets. jCRL is the class of DLs which have representations preserving arbitrary joins, mCRL is the class of DLs which have representations preserving arbitrary meets, and biCRL is defined to be the intersection of jCRL and mCRL. We prove CRL is a strict subset of biCRL which is a strict subset of both jCRL and mCRL. Let L be a DL. Then L is in mCRL iff L has a distinguishing set of comple…
We study the class of finite lattices that are isomorphic to the congruence lattices of algebras from a given finitely generated congruence-distributive variety. If this class is as large as allowed by an obvious necessary condition, the variety is called congruence FD-maximal. The main results of this paper characterize some special congruence FD-maximal varieties.
In the second edition of the congruence lattice book, Problem 22.1 asks for a characterization of subsets $Q$ of a finite distributive lattice $D$ such that there is a finite lattice $L$ whose congruence lattice is isomorphic to $D$ and under this isomorphism $Q$ corresponds the the principal congruences of $L$. In this note, we prove some preliminary results.
A planar semimodular lattice is slim if it does not contain $M_3$ as a sublattice. An SPS lattice is a slim, planar, semimodular lattice. A recent result of Gábor Czédli proves that there is an eight element (planar) distributive lattice that cannot be represented as the congruence lattice of an SPS lattice. We provide a new proof.
In a 1998 paper with H. Lakser, the authors proved that every finite distributive lattice $D$ can be represented as the congruence lattice of a finite \emph{semimodular lattice}. Some ten years later, the first author and E. Knapp proved a much stronger result, proving the representation theorem for \emph{rectangular lattices}. In this note we present a short proof of these results.
We present a novel approach to the construction of new finite algebras and describe the congruence lattices of these algebras. Given a finite algebra $(B_0, \dots)$, let $B_1, B_2, \dots, B_K$ be sets that either intersect $B_0$ or intersect each other at certain points. We construct an \emph{overalgebra} $(A, F_A)$, by which we mean an expansion of $(B_0, \dots)$ with universe $A = B_0 \cup B_1 \cup \cdots \cup B_K$, and a certain set $F_A$ of unary operations that includes mappings $e_i$ satisfying $e_i^2 = e_i$ and $e_i(A) = B_i$, for $0\leq i \leq K$. We explore two such constructions and …
We prove that every congruence distributive variety has directed Jónsson terms, and every congruence modular variety has directed Gumm terms. The directed terms we construct witness every case of absorption witnessed by the original Jónsson or Gumm terms. This result is equivalent to a pair of claims about absorption for admissible preorders in CD and CM varieties, respectively. For finite algebras, these absorption theorems have already seen significant applications, but until now, it was not clear if the theorems hold for general algebras as well. Our method also yields a novel proof of a re…
We prove that every finite distributive lattice $D$ can be represented as the congruence lattice of a rectangular lattice $K$ in which all congruences are principal. We verify this result in a stronger form as an extension theorem.
Let $L$ be a lattice. We call a congruence relation $\gQ$ of $L$ isoform, if any two congruence classes of $\gQ$ are isomorphic (as lattices). Let us call the lattice $L$ isoform, if all congruences of $L$ are isoform. G. Grätzer and E.\,T. Schmidt proved that every finite distributive lattice $D$ can be represented as the congruence lattice of a finite isoform lattice $L$. We now prove that every finite lattice $K$ has a congruence-preserving extension to a finite isoform lattice $L$.
The Lifting Idempotent Property ($LIP$) of ideals in commutative rings inspired the study of Boolean lifting properties in the context of other concrete algebraic structures ($MV$-algebras, commutative l-groups, $BL$-algebras, bounded distributive lattices, residuated lattices,etc.), as well as for some types of universal algebras (C. Muresan and the author defined and studied the Congruence Boolean Lifting Property ($CBLP$) for congruence modular algebras). A lifting ideal of a ring $R$ is an ideal of $R$ fulfilling $LIP$. In a recent paper, Tarizadeh and Sharma obtained new results on liftin…
For a lattice L with 0 and 1, let Princ L denote the ordered set of principal congruences of L. For {0,1}-sublattices A subseteq B of L, congruence generation defines a natural map from Princ A to Princ B. In this way, we obtain a small category of bounded ordered sets as objects and some 0-separating {0,1}-preserving monotone maps as morphisms such that every hom-set consists of at most one morphism. We prove the converse: each small category of bounded ordered set with these properties is representable by principal lattice congruences in the above sense.
We give new characterisations of regular Mal'tsev categories with distributive lattice of equivalence relations through variations of the so-called Triangular Lemma and Trapezoid Lemma in universal algebra. We then give new characterisations of equivalence distributive Goursat categories (which extend $3$-permutable varieties) through variations of the Triangular and Trapezoid Lemmas involving reflexive and positive relations.
In this article, we introduce a lattice congruence with respect to a nonempty ideal $I$ of a distributive lattice $L$ and a derivation $d$ on $L$ denoted by $θ_I^d$. We investigate some necessary and sufficient conditions for the quotient algebra $L/θ_I^d$ to become a Boolean algebra.
The reticulation of an algebra $A$ is a bounded distributive lattice ${\cal L}(A)$ whose prime spectrum of filters or ideals is homeomorphic to the prime spectrum of congruences of $A$, endowed with the Stone topologies. We have obtained a construction for the reticulation of any algebra $A$ from a semi-degenerate congruence-modular variety ${\cal C}$ in the case when the commutator of $A$, applied to compact congruences of $A$, produces compact congruences, in particular when ${\cal C}$ has principal commutators; furthermore, it turns out that weaker conditions than the fact that $A$ belongs …
Let $α$, $β$, $γ, \dots$ $Θ$, $Ψ, \dots$ $R$, $S$, $T, \dots$ be variables for, respectively, congruences, tolerances and reflexive admissible relations. Let juxtaposition denote intersection. We show that if the identity $α(β\circ Θ) \subseteq αβ\circ αΘ\circ αβ$ holds in a variety $\mathcal {V}$, then $\mathcal {V}$ has a majority term, equivalently, $\mathcal {V}$ satisfies $ α(β\circ γ) \subseteq αβ\circ αγ$. The result is unexpected, since in the displayed identity we have one more factor on the right and, moreover, if we let $Θ$ be a congruence, we get a condition equivalent to $3$-distr…
A compact topological space X is spectral if it is sober (i.e., every irreducible closed set is the closure of a unique singleton) and the compact open subsets of X form a basis of the topology of X, closed under finite intersections. Theorem. A topological space X is homeomorphic to the spectrum of some countable Abelian {\ell}-group with unit (resp., MV-algebra) iff X is spectral, has a countable basis of open sets, and for any points x and y in the closure of a singleton {z}, either x is in the closure of {y} or y is in the closure of {x}. We establish this result by proving that a countabl…
In this paper, we transfer Davey`s characterization for $κ$--Stone bounded distributive lattices to lattices with certain kinds of quotients, in particular to commutator lattices with certain properties, and obtain related results on prime, radical, complemented and compact elements, annihilators and congruences of these lattices. We then apply these results to certain congruence lattices, in particular to those of semiprime members of semi--degenerate congruence--modular varieties, and use this particular case to transfer Davey`s Theorem to commutative unitary rings.
Suppose throughout that $\mathcal V$ is a congruence distributive variety. If $m \geq 1$, let $ J _{ \mathcal V} (m) $ be the smallest natural number $k$ such that the congruence identity $α( β\circ γ\circ β\dots ) \subseteq αβ\circ αγ\circ αβ\circ \dots $ holds in $\mathcal V$, with $m$ occurrences of $ \circ$ on the left and $k$ occurrences of $\circ$ on the right. We show that if $ J _{ \mathcal V} (m) =k$, then $ J _{ \mathcal V} (m \ell ) \leq k \ell $, for every natural number $\ell$. The key to the proof is an identity which, through a variety, is equivalent to the above congruence iden…
We study the existence of nontrivial and of representable (dual) weak complementations, along with the lattice congruences that preserve them, in different constructions of bounded lattices, then use this study to determine the finite (dual) weakly complemented lattices with the largest numbers of congruences, along with the structures of their congruence lattices. It turns out that, if $n\geq 7$ is a natural number, then the four largest numbers of congruences of the $n$--element (dual) weakly complemented lattices are: $2^{n-2}+1$, $2^{n-3}+1$, $5\cdot 2^{n-6}+1$ and $2^{n-4}+1$. For smaller…
An early result in the theory of Natural Dualities is that an algebra with a near unanimity (NU) term is dualizable. A converse to this is also true: if V(A) is congruence distributive and A is dualizable, then A has an NU term. An important generalization of the NU term for congruence distributive varieties is the cube term for congruence modular (CM) varieties, and it has been thought that a similar characterization of dualizability for algebras in a CM variety would also hold. We prove that if A omits tame congruence types 1 and 5 (all locally finite CM varieties omit these types) and is du…
We construct a distributive algebraic lattice D that is not isomorphic to the congruence lattice of any lattice. This solves a long-standing open problem, traditionally attributed to R. P. Dilworth, from the forties. The lattice D has compact top element and aleph omega+1 compact elements. Our results extend to all algebras possessing a polynomially definable structure of a join-semilattice with a largest element.
A partial algebra construction of Grätzer and Schmidt from "Characterizations of congruence lattices of abstract algebras" (Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged) 24 (1963), 34-59) is adapted to provide an alternative proof to a well-known fact that every finite distributive lattice is representable, seen as a special case of the Finite Lattice Representation Problem. The construction of this proof brings together Birkhoff's representation theorem for finite distributive lattices, an emphasis on boolean lattices when representing finite lattices, and a perspective based on inequalities of partially ordered …
In this paper, we characterize the congruences of an arbitrary i--lattice, investigate the structure of the lattice they form and how it relates to the structure of the lattice of lattice congruences, then, for an arbitrary non--zero natural number $n$, we determine the largest possible number of congruences of an $n$--element i--lattice, along with the structures of the $n$--element i--lattices with this number of congruences. Our characterizations of the congruences of i--lattices have useful corollaries: determining the congruences of i--chains, the congruence extension property of the vari…
It has long been known in universal algebra that any distributive sublattice of congruences of an algebra which consists entirely of commuting congruences yields a sheaf representation of the algebra. In this paper we provide a generalisation of this fact and prove a converse of the generalisation. To be precise, we exhibit a one-to-one correspondence (up to isomorphism) between soft sheaf representations of universal algebras over stably compact spaces and frame homomorphisms from the dual frames of such spaces into subframes of pairwise commuting congruences of the congruence lattices of the…
We show that all balanced d-lattices must be complemented, answering a question of Chajda and Eigenthaler. (A bounded lattice is balanced if any two congruences agree on their 1-classes iff they agree on their 0-classes.) Our main tool is the characterization of d-lattices (a class of bounded lattices including the bounded distributive lattices, originally defined by a property of their compact congruences) as exactly those lattices in which all maximal filters/ideals are prime.
Since their introduction by G. Grätzer and E. Knapp in 2007, more than four dozen papers have been devoted to finite slim planar semimodular lattices (in short, SPS lattices or slim semimodular lattices) and to some related fields. In addition to distributivity, there have been seven known properties of the congruence lattices of these lattices. The first two properties were proved by G. Grätzer, the next four by the present author, while the seventh was proved jointly by G. Grätzer and the present author. Five out of the seven properties were found and proved by using lamps, which are lattice…
We give a complete description of the congruences on the partition monoid $P_X$ and the partial Brauer monoid $PB_X$, where $X$ is an arbitrary infinite set, and also of the lattices formed by all such congruences. Our results complement those from a recent article of East, Mitchell, Ruskuc and Torpey, which deals with the finite case. As a consequence of our classification result, we show that the congruence lattices of $P_X$ and $PB_X$ are isomorphic to each other, and are distributive and well quasi-ordered. We also calculate the smallest number of pairs of partitions required to generate a…
We prove the following result: Theorem. Every algebraic distributive lattice D with at most $\aleph\_1$ compact elements is isomorphic to the ideal lattice of a von Neumann regular ring R. (By earlier results of the author, the $\aleph\_1$ bound is optimal.) Therefore, D is also isomorphic to the congruence lattice of a sectionally complemented modular lattice L, namely, the principal right ideal lattice of R. Furthermore, if the largest element of D is compact, then one can assume that R is unital, respectively, that L has a largest element. This extends several known results of G.M. Bergman,…
In 1978, motivated by E. Hückel's work in quantum chemistry, I. Gutman introduced the concept of the energy of a finite simple graph $G$ as the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of $G$. At the time of writing, the MathSciNet search for "Title=(graph energy) AND Review Text=(eigenvalue)" returns 351 publications, most of which going after Gutman's definition. A congruence $α$ of a finite algebra $A$ turns $A$ into a simple graph: we connect $x\neq y\in A$ by an edge iff $(x,y)\inα$; we let En$(α)$ be the energy of this graph. We introduce the congruence energ…
In 1960, G. Grätzer and E.\,T. Schmidt proved that every finite distributive lattice can be represented as the congruence lattice of a sectionally complemented finite lattice $L$. For $u \leq v$ in $L$, they constructed a sectional complement, which is now called the \emph{1960 sectional complement}. In 1999, G. Grätzer and E.\,T. Schmidt discovered a very simple way of constructing a sectional complement in the ideal lattice of a chopped lattice made up of two sectionally complemented finite lattices overlapping in only two elements -- the Atom Lemma. The question was raised whether this simp…
