Transit spectroscopy is one of the most commonly used techniques for exoplanet atmosphere characterisation. This technique has been used to detect ionized and neutral species in exoplanet atmospheres by comparing the observed stellar lines in and out of transit. The centre-to-limb variation (CLV) of the stellar lines across the stellar disk is an important effect for transmission spectroscopy, since it results in a change of stellar line depth when the planet transits different parts of the stellar disk. We reanalyse the transit data of HD 189733b taken with the HARPS spectrograph to study the CLV effect during transit. The transmission light curve of the Na i D line so obtained shows a clear imprint of the CLV effect. We use a one-dimensional non-LTE stellar spectral model to simulate the CLV effect. After applying the correction, the measurement of the Na i absorption in the atmosphere of HD 189733b becomes better determined. We compare the CLV effect of HD 189733b to that of HD 209458b. The CLV effects are different for these two benchmark planetary systems and this is attributed to their different stellar effective temperatures and transit impact parameters. We then explore the general CLV effect that occurs during exoplanet transits. Normally, a star with a lower effective temperature exhibits a stronger CLV effect and its CLV feature extends over a relatively broad wavelength range. The transit impact parameter (b) describes the transit trajectory on the stellar disk and thus determines the actual manifestation of the CLV effect. We introduce a b-diagram which describes the behavior of the CLV effect as the function of different impact parameters. With improving observational precision, a careful modeling and correction of the CLV effect is necessary for exoplanet atmosphere characterisation using transit spectroscopy.
Modelling the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect: Impact of the Convective Centre-to-Limb Variations in the Stellar Photosphere
罗斯特-麦克劳克林效应的观测提供了恒星-行星排列的信息,可以为行星迁移和演化理论提供信息。在这里,我们超越了经典的RM建模和探索的对流蓝移的影响,不同的恒星盘和非高斯恒星光球配置文件。我们模拟了一个对齐的热木星的4 d轨道约太阳类恒星和注入中心到肢体的速度(和轮廓形状)的变化的基础上辐射的3D磁流体动力学模拟太阳表面对流。我们的模型和经典RM模型之间的残差依赖于固有的轮廓宽度和v sin i;残差的幅度随着v sin i的增加而增加,并且随着固有轮廓宽度的减小而增加。对于缓慢旋转的恒星,中心到边缘的对流变化占主导地位的残差(振幅为10 s cm/s到~1 m/s);然而,对于快速旋转的恒星,主要的残差特征是由于非高斯的内在轮廓(振幅为0.5-9 m/s)。当影响因子为0时,忽略对流中心到边缘的变化导致了约10-20度的不确定性,即使真实的v sin i是已知的。此外,忽略对非对称内禀轮廓进行适当建模,对旋转速度更快的恒星(例如v sin i = 6 km/s)有更大的影响,并在测量的双折射率中造成约20度的系统误差。因此,忽略恒星表面对流的影响可能会使恒星-行星排列测量产生偏差,从而也会使行星迁移和演化理论产生偏差。
The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. A homogeneous catalogue of projected rotational velocities accounting for limb-darkening
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC(安达卢西亚天体物理研究所,西班牙高等科学研究委员会);INAF- Palermo Astronomical Observatory(意大利国家天体物理研究所巴勒莫天文台);Institut für Astrophysik und Geophysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen(哥廷根大学天体物理学与地球物理学研究所);Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA(天体生物学中心,西班牙高等科学研究委员会-国家航空航天技术研究所);Universidad de Granada(格拉纳达大学);Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg(海德堡大学天文学中心州立天文台)
提出一种结合真实临边昏暗模型的过采样卷积方法,从 CARMENES 光谱精确测量 M 矮星的投影自转速度,构建了目前最大的均匀星表,测量精度显著优于文献。
Cloudy mornings and clear evenings on a gas giant exoplanet
Johns Hopkins University(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学);University of California, Santa Cruz(加州大学圣克鲁兹分校);Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室);University of Exeter(埃克塞特大学);University of Oxford(牛津大学);Max Planck Institute for Astronomy(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所)
Analytic Light Curve for Mutual Transits of Two Bodies Across a Limb-darkened Star
本文给出了一个多项式边暗化的两个互凌星体的光变曲线解。在这项工作中,术语“互凌”是指在两个凌日天体之间发生重叠的恒星凌日。这些可能是一颗系外行星与一颗系外卫星伴星,两颗系外行星,一颗食双星和一颗行星,或者在一个三星系统中两颗恒星食第三颗恒星。我们包括解析导数的光变曲线的位置和半径的两个机构。我们提供代码,实现了一个相互过境的光动力学模型。我们包括两个动力学模型,一个层次系统中,一个次要机构的轨道较大的主要(例如exomoon系统)和第二共焦系统中,两个机构独立的轨道中心质量(例如两个行星在相距甚远的轨道)。我们的代码速度足够快,可以使用MCMC算法进行推理,并且包含导数可以使用基于梯度的推理方法,例如Hamilton Monte Carlo。虽然这项工作适用于各种系统,但主要是针对外卫星进行的。我们希望,公开提供这一代码将减少社区评估exomoon可探测性的障碍,进行exomoon搜索,并尝试验证现有的exomoon候选者。我们还预计,我们的代码将是有用的研究行星行星凌日的系外行星系统,凌日的circumbinary行星,并在三星系统的日食。
Stellar Surface Magneto-Convection as a Source of Astrophysical Noise II. Center-to-Limb Parameterisation of Absorption Line Profiles and Comparison to Observations
Is there NaI in the atmosphere of HD 209458b? Effect of the centre-to-limb variation and Rossiter-McLaughlin effect in transmission spectroscopy studies
A New Method for Constraining 3D Exoplanet Atmospheres: Application to WASP-94A b's Panchromatic Spectrum
School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University(亚利桑那州立大学地球与空间探索学院);William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University(约翰霍普金斯大学威廉H米勒三世物理与天文系);Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University(约翰霍普金斯大学地球与行星科学系)
Probing Two-dimensional Asymmetries of an Exoplanet Atmosphere from Chromatic Transit Variation
Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI(高级研究院);Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(日本宇宙航空研究开发机构宇宙科学研究所);Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo(东京大学理学研究科天文学专攻);Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University(京都大学理学研究科天文学专攻);Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University(东北大学跨学科前沿研究院);Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University(东北大学理学研究科地球物理学专攻);Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN(理化学研究所开创性研究集群);Astrobiology Center(天体生物学中心)
Exploring the surface of HD 189733 via Doppler shadow analysis of planetary transits
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto(葡萄牙波尔图大学空间与天体物理研究所);Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto(葡萄牙波尔图大学理学院物理与天文系);INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri(意大利国家天体物理研究所阿切特里天文台);Université de Montréal(蒙特利尔大学)
Where does the simplified Stellar Contamination Model fail in Exoplanet Transmission Spectroscopy?
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院喷气推进实验室);Center for Radio Astronomy and Astrophysics Mackenzie (CRAAM), Mackenzie Presbyterian University(麦肯锡长老会大学射电天体物理学中心)
A Spatial Map of the Atmospheric Limb of a Hot Jupiter
University of Oxford(牛津大学);Johns Hopkins University(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学);Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院);Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院卡弗里天体物理与空间研究研究所);Université de Montréal(蒙特利尔大学);Catholic University of America(美国天主教大学);NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心);JHU Applied Physics Laboratory(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室);Space Telescope Science Institute(太空望远镜科学研究所)
First exoplanet transit observation with the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy: Confirmation of Rayleigh scattering in HD 189733 b with HIPO