Michael Giudici, Cai Heng Li, Binzhou Xia
We solve the long-standing existence problem of vertex-primitive 2-arc-transitive digraphs by constructing an infinite family of such digraphs.
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Chordal graphs are important in the structural and algorithmic graph theory. A digraph analogue of chordal graphs was introduced by Haskin and Rose in 1973 but has not been a subject of active studies until recently when a characterization of semicomplete chordal digraphs in terms of forbidden subdigraphs was found by Meister and Telle. Locally semicomplete digraphs, quasi-transitive digraphs, and extended semi-complete digraphs are amongst the most popular generalizations of semicomplete digraphs. We extend the forbidden subdigraph characterization of semicomplete chordal digraphs to locally …
We study vertex-quasiprimitive $2$-arc-transitive digraphs, reducing the problem of vertex-primitive $2$-arc-transitive digraphs to almost simple groups. This includes a complete classification of vertex-quasiprimitive $2$-arc-transitive digraphs where the action on vertices has O'Nan-Scott type SD or CD.
Critical Kernel Imperfectness in $4$-quasi-transitive and $4$-anti-transitive digraphs of small diameter
本文刻画了小直径条件下非对称4-准传递、4-传递、2-反传递及非对称4-反传递有向图中临界核不完美图的结构特征。
A detailed description of the structure of two-ended arc-transitive digraphs is given. It is also shown that several sets of conditions, involving such concepts as Property Z, local quasi-primitivity and prime out-valency, imply that an arc-transitive digraph must be highly-arc-transitive. These are then applied to give a complete classification of two-ended highly-arc-transitive digraphs with prime in- and out-valencies.
We introduce a construction of highly arc transitive digraphs using a layerwise direct product. This product generalizes some known classes of highly arc transitive digraphs but also allows to construct new such. We use the product to obtain counterexamples to a conjecture by Cameron, Praeger and Wormald on the structure of certain highly arc transitive digraphs.
In this work, we establish an analogue result of the Erdös-Stone theorem of weighted digraphs using Regularity Lemma of digraphs. We give a stability result of oriented graphs and digraphs with forbidden blow-up transitive triangle and show that almost all oriented graphs and almost all digraphs with forbidden blow-up transitive triangle are almost bipartite respectively.
We resolve two problems of [Cameron, Praeger, and Wormald -- Infinite highly arc transitive digraphs and universal covering digraphs, Combinatorica 1993]. First, we construct a locally finite highly arc-transitive digraph with universal reachability relation. Second, we provide constructions of 2-ended highly arc transitive digraphs where each `building block' is a finite bipartite graph that is not a disjoint union of complete bipartite graphs. This was conjectured impossible in the above paper. We also describe the structure of 2-ended highly arc transitive digraphs in more generality, altho…
We study $G$-vertex-primitive and $(G,s)$-arc-transitive digraphs for almost simple groups $G$ with socle $\mathrm{PSL}_n(q)$. It turns out that $s\leqslant2$ for such digraphs, which provides the first step in determining an upper bound on $s$ for all the vertex-primitive $s$-arc-transitive digraphs.
A general method for constructing sharply $k$-arc-transitive digraphs, i.e. digraphs that are $k$-arc-transitive but not $(k+1)$-arc-transitive, is presented. Using our method it is possible to construct both finite and infinite examples. The infinite examples can have one, two or infinitely many ends. Among the one-ended examples there are also digraphs that have polynomial growth.
In 2017, Giudici, Li and the third author constructed the first known family of vertex-primitive $2$-arc-transitive digraphs of valency at least $2$. The smallest digraph in this family admits $\mathrm{PSL}_3(49)$ acting $2$-arc-transitively with vertex-stabilizer $\mathrm{A}_6$ and hence has $30758154560$ vertices. In this paper, we prove that this digraph is the vertex-primitive $2$-arc-transitive digraph of valency at least $2$ with fewest vertices.
We investigate the complexity of generalizations of colourings (acyclic colourings, $(k,\ell)$-colourings, homomorphisms, and matrix partitions), for the class of transitive digraphs. Even though transitive digraphs are nicely structured, many problems are intractable, and their complexity turns out to be difficult to classify. We present some motivational results and several open problems.
In this paper, we combine group-theoretic and combinatorial techniques to study $\wedge$-transitive digraphs admitting a cartesian decomposition of their vertex set. In particular, our approach uncovers a new family of digraphs that may be of considerable interest.
A complete list of all connected arc-transitive asymmetric digraphs of in-valence and out-valence 2 on up to 1000 vertices is presented. As a byproduct, a complete list of all connected 4-valent graphs admitting a half-arc-transitive group of automorphisms on up to 1000 vertices is obtained. Several graph-theoretical properties of the elements of our census are calculated and discussed.
Quasiprimitive and bi-quasiprimitive highly-arc-transitive digraphs and finite simple groups
本文研究了准素性和双准素性高度弧传递有向图与有限单群的关系，提出新的构造方法并揭示了相关开放问题。
We prove the existence of a function $h(k)$ such that every simple digraph with minimum outdegree greater than $h(k)$ contains an immersion of the transitive tournament on $k$ vertices. This solves a conjecture of Devos, McDonald, Mohar and Scheide.
We investigate the structure of a digraph having a transitive automorphism group where every cutset of minimal cardinality consists of all successors or all predecessors of some vertex. We improve most of the existing results in this area.
We investigate the class of infinite distance-transitive digraphs $D$ of finite out-valency. We show that if $D$ is a weakly descendant-homogeneous in such a class then either (1) $D$ has property $Z$ and the reachability relation is not universal; or (2) $D$ does not have property $Z$, the reachability relation is universal and $D$ has infinite in-valency. Also, we show that earlier results, proved in the context of highly-arc-transitive digraphs, hold under the weaker condition of distance-transitivity. Finally, we give a description of a subclass of the class distance-transitive weakly desc…
Let $k$ be an integer with $k\geq 2$. A digraph $D$ is $k$-quasi-transitive, if for any path $x_0x_1\ldots x_k$ of length $k$, $x_0$ and $x_k$ are adjacent. Suppose that there exists a path of length at least $k+2$ in $D$. Let $P$ be a shortest path of length $k+2$ in $D$. Wang and Zhang [Hamiltonian paths in $k$-quasi-transitive digraphs, Discrete Mathematics, 339(8) (2016) 2094--2099] proved that if $k$ is even and $k\ge 4$, then $D[V(P)]$ and $D[V(D)\setminus V(P)]$ are both semicomplete digraphs. In this paper, we shall prove that if $k$ is odd and $k\ge 5$, then $D[V(P)]$ is either a semi…
This paper initiates the investigation of the family of $(G,s)$-geodesic-transitive digraphs with $s\geq 2$. We first give a global analysis by providing a reduction result. Let $Γ$ be such a digraph and let $N$ be a normal subgroup of $G$ maximal with respect to having at least $3$ orbits. Then the quotient digraph $Γ_N$ is $(G/N,s')$-geodesic-transitive where $s'=\min\{s,\diam(Γ_N)\}$, $G/N$ is either quasiprimitive or bi-quasiprimitive on $V(Γ_N)$, and $Γ_N$ is either directed or an undirected complete graph. Moreover, it is further shown that if $Γ$ is not $(G,2)$-arc-transitive, then $G/N…
In this paper, we consider upper bounds on the size of transitive subtournaments in a digraph. In particular, we give an analogy of Hoffman's bound for the size of cocliques in a regular graph. Furthermore, we partially improve the Hoffman type bound for doubly regular tournaments by using the technique of Greaves and Soicher for strongly regular graphs [4], which gives a new application of block intersection polynomials.
In the mid-1990s, two groups of authors independently obtained classifications of vertex-transitive graphs whose order is a product of two distinct primes. In the intervening years it has become clear that there is additional information concerning these graphs that would be useful, as well as making explicit the extensions of these results to digraphs. Additionally, there are several small errors in some of the papers that were involved in this classification. The purpose of this paper is to fill in the missing information as well as correct all known errors.
We give a new proof of the theorem of Boesch-Tindell and Farzad-Mahdian-Mahmoodian-Saberi-Sadri that a directed graph extends to a strongly connected digraph on the same vertex set if and only if it has no complete directed cut. Our proof bounds the number of edges needed for such an extension; we give examples to demonstrate sharpness. We apply the characterization to a problem on non-transitive dice.
Bounding $s$ for vertex-primitive $s$-arc-transitive digraphs of alternating and symmetric groups
本文针对 Praeger 提出的有限顶点本原 s-弧传递有向图的上界问题，在群为交错群或对称群的情形下证明了 s ≤ 2。
Long Directed Cycles in Vertex-Transitive Digraphs
在图论与群论交叉领域，寻找顶点传递图和有向图中的哈密顿圈是经典问题。本文构造无限多个最长有向圈遗漏至少\(n/12\)个顶点的连通顶点传递有向图，证实相关猜想，还将有向圈长度下限从\(\Omega(n^{1/3})\)提高到\(\Omega(\sqrt n)\) 。
Spanning Factorizations in Vertex-Transitive Digraphs of Degree 2
针对出度为d的顶点传递有向图中生成1-因子分解的存在性问题，本文聚焦d=2的情况，利用交替环和块系结构提出块/阶段框架，得到同时包含两条出边的充分条件，证明块障碍的影响及强传递集的存在性，并给出可行块大小约束等结果。
A note on the second neighborhood problem for $k$-anti-transitive and $m$-free digraphs
本文证明：若有限有向图 $D$ 是 $k$-反传递且 $(k-4)$-自由的，则 $D$ 必存在 Seymour 顶点，从而在 7-反传递定向图上验证了 Caccetta-Haggkvist 猜想的一个特例，扩展了已知结果。
Given integers $k$ and $m$, we construct a $G$-arc-transitive graph of valency $k$ and an $L$-arc-transitive oriented digraph of out-valency $k$ such that $G$ and $L$ both admit blocks of imprimitivity of size $m$.
The Path Partition Conjecture and 3-(quasi-)Transitive Digraphs
本文针对3-传递和3-拟传递有向图，引入半无环有向图概念刻画其结构，并将路划分猜想的成立范围推广至扩展半无环有向图类。
The typical structure of oriented graphs and digraphs with forbidden blow-up of transitive tournaments
研究禁止转置竞赛 tournaments 的吹胀体的有向图和有向图的典型结构，证明几乎所有此类图是 r 分支的，扩展了 Kuhn 等人的结果，验证了 Cherlin 的猜想。
In an earlier paper the first two authors have shown that self-complementary graphs can always be oriented in such a way that the union of the oriented version and its isomorphically oriented complement gives a transitive tournament. We investigate the possibilities of generalizing this theorem to decompositions of the complete graph into three or more isomorphic graphs. We find that a complete characterization of when an orientation with similar properties is possible seems elusive. Nevertheless, we give sufficient conditions that generalize the earlier theorem and also imply that decompositi…
On heroes in digraphs with forbidden induced forests
本文研究禁止诱导森林的有向图类的英雄，刻画了不同度定向星及禁止定向扫帚情形下能保证二色数有界的英雄结构。
Long cycles in vertex transitive digraphs
研究了顶点传递有向图中长环的存在性，证明了在n个顶点的图中可找到长度至少为Ω(n^{1/3})的有向环。
A fascinating problem on digraphs is the existence problem of the finiteupper bound on s for all vertex-primitive s-arc-transitive digraphs except directed cycles (which is known to be reduced to the almost simple groups case). In this paper,we prove that s 2 for all G-vertex-primitive s-arc-transitive digraphs with G an (insoluble) alternating or symmetric group, which makes an important progress towards a solution of the problem. The proofs involves some methods that may be used to investigate other almost simple groups cases.
Vertex-primitive s-arc-transitive digraphs of symplectic groups
本文针对有限辛群证实了2018年提出的猜想，即有限点本原s-弧传递有向图中的$s$至多为2。
Quasi-strongly regular digraphs constructed from transitive groups of degree $n\leq 110$
本文提出一种从传递置换群构造有向正则图的推广方法，证明多组参数的有向强正则图存在，并分类了低次数传递群和本原群产生的拟强正则有向图。
On 2-distance-transitive circulant digraphs
本文基于2-弧传递循环图的分类，完整分类了2-距离传递循环有向图，列出了所有同构类型，包括无向圈、完全多部图、Paley图及若干有向图族。
A solution to Babai's problem on digraphs with non-diagonalizable adjacency matrix
本文通过分别构造无限族$s$-弧传递有向图和点本原有向图，解决了Babai关于寻找邻接矩阵不可对角化的有向图的开放问题。
Let $T$ be a digraph with vertices $u_1, \dots, u_t$ ($t\ge 2$) and let $H_1, \dots, H_t$ be digraphs such that $H_i$ has vertices $u_{i,j_i},\ 1\le j_i\le n_i.$ Then the composition $Q=T[H_1, \dots, H_t]$ is a digraph with vertex set $\{u_{i,j_i}\colon\, 1\le i\le t, 1\le j_i\le n_i\}$ and arc set $$A(Q)=\cup^t_{i=1}A(H_i)\cup \{u_{ij_i}u_{pq_p}\colon\, u_iu_p\in A(T), 1\le j_i\le n_i, 1\le q_p\le n_p\}.$$ The composition $Q=T[H_1, \dots, H_t]$ is a semicomplete composition if $T$ is semicomplete, i.e. there is at least one arc between every pair of vertices. Digraph compositions generalize s…
Let $D=(V(D), A(D))$ be a digraph and $k \ge 2$ an integer. We say that $D$ is $k$-quasi-transitive if for every directed path $(v_0, v_1,..., v_k)$ in $D$, then $(v_0, v_k) \in A(D)$ or $(v_k, v_0) \in A(D)$. Clearly, a 2-quasi-transitive digraph is a quasi-transitive digraph in the usual sense. Bang-Jensen and Gutin proved that a quasi-transitive digraph $D$ has a 3-king if and only if $D$ has a unique initial strong component and, if $D$ has a 3-king and the unique initial strong component of $D$ has at least three vertices, then $D$ has at least three 3-kings. In this paper we prove the fo…
Solving the kernel perfect problem by (simple) forbidden subdigraphs for digraphs in some families of generalized tournaments and generalized bipartite tournaments
本文通过禁止子有向图刻画了广义锦标赛和广义二分锦标赛若干族中的核完美与临界核不完美有向图，并证明判定CKI问题可多项式求解，回应了Bang-Jensen的猜想。
On the $k$-linkage problem for generalizations of semicomplete digraphs
本文研究半完全与拟传递等广义有向图的 $k$-链接问题，证明 $3k$-强、最小出度至少 $23k$ 的相关图类及高连通 $l$-拟传递有向图可实现 $k$-链接，并利用最大入度顶点的丰富短路径结构作为关键工具。
Motivated by his work on the classification of countable homogeneous oriented graphs, Cherlin asked about the typical structure of oriented graphs (i) without a transitive triangle, or (ii) without an oriented triangle. We give an answer to these questions (which is not quite the predicted one). Our approach is based on the recent `hypergraph containers' method, developed independently by Saxton and Thomason as well as by Balogh, Morris and Samotij. Moreover, our results generalise to forbidden transitive tournaments and forbidden oriented cycles of any order, and also apply to digraphs. Along…
Let $Γ$ be a finite $G$-vertex-transitive digraph. The in-local action of $(Γ,G)$ is the permutation group $L_-$ induced by the vertex-stabiliser on the set of in-neighbours of $v$. The out-local action $L_+$ is defined analogously. Note that $L_-$ and $L_+$ may not be isomorphic. We thus consider the problem of determining which pairs $(L_-,L_+)$ are possible. We prove some general results, but pay special attention to the case when $L_-$ and $L_+$ are both quasiprimitive. (Recall that a permutation group is quasiprimitive if each of its nontrivial normal subgroups is transitive.) Along the w…
We give certain properties which are satisfied by the descendant set of a vertex in an infinite, primitive, distance transitive digraph of finite out-valency and provide a strong structure theory for digraphs satisfying these properties. In particular, we show that there are only countably many possibilities for the isomorphism type of such a descendant set, thereby confirming a conjecture of the first Author. As a partial converse, we show that certain related conditions on a countable digraph are sufficient for it to occur as the descendant set of a primitive, distance transitive digraph.
The modular decomposition of a graph is a canonical representation of its modules. Algorithms for computing the modular decomposition of directed and undirected graphs differ significantly, with the undirected case being simpler, and algorithms for directed graphs often work by reducing the problem to decomposing undirected graphs. In this paper we show that transitive acyclic digraphs have the same strong modules as their undirected versions. This simplifies reduction for transitive digraphs, requiring only the computation of strongly connected components. Furthermore, we are interested in pe…
An Exact Dominant Degree Condition for Transitive Tournament Factors in Digraphs
该有向图理论研究给出了传递竞赛图因子的精确主导度条件，解决了Treglown的猜想与Molla等人的问题，得到了相关定理的更强版本。
Towards inductive proofs in algebraic combinatorics
本文引入了一类新的传递置换群，给出了其商保持在该族中的充分条件，并利用归纳法确定了阶为$p^n$的循环有向图的自同构群。
Ramsey-Turán Type Problem for Perfect Transitive Triangle Tilings in Digraphs
研究有向图在独立数较小条件下，通过最小度条件保证完美传递三角形铺砌的存在性，给出了渐近最优的最小度下界。
A reductive characterization of arc-transitive circulants was given independently by Kovacs in 2004 and the first author in 2005. In this paper, we give an explicit characterization of arc-transitive circulants and their automorphism groups. Based on this, we give a proof of the fact that arc-transitive circulants are all CI-digraphs.
The oriented Ramsey number $\vec{r}(H)$ for an acyclic digraph $H$ is the minimum integer $n$ such that any $n$-vertex tournament contains a copy of $H$ as a subgraph. We prove that the $1$-subdivision of the $k$-vertex transitive tournament $H_k$ satisfies $\vec{r}(H_k)= O(k^2\log\log k)$. This is tight up to multiplicative $\log\log k$-term. We also show that if $T$ is an $n$-vertex tournament with $Δ^+(T)-δ^+(T)= O(n/k) - k^2$, then $T$ contains a $1$-subdivision of $\vec{K}_k$, a complete $k$-vertex digraph with all possible $k(k-1)$ arcs. This is also tight up to multiplicative constant.
We prove that every finite arc-transitive graph of valency twice a prime admits a nontrivial semiregular automorphism, that is, a non-identity automorphism whose cycles all have the same length. This is a special case of the Polycirculant Conjecture, which states that all finite vertex-transitive digraphs admit such automorphisms.
Hamidoune's connectivity results for hierarchical Cayley digraphs are extended to Cayley coset digraphs and thus to arbitrary vertex transitive digraphs. It is shown that if a Cayley coset digraph can be hierarchically decomposed in a certain way, then it is optimally vertex connected. The results are obtained by extending the methods used by Hamidoune. They are used to show that cycle-prefix graphs are optimally vertex connected. This implies that cycle-prefix graphs have good fault tolerance properties.
In this paper, we prove that discrete Morse functions on digraphs are flat Witten-Morse functions and Witten complexes of transitive digraphs approach to Morse complexes. We construct a chain complex consisting of the formal linear combinations of paths which are not only critical paths of the transitive closure but also allowed elementary paths of the digraph, and prove that the homology of the new chain complex is isomorphic to the path homology. On the basis of the above results, we give the Morse inequalities on digraphs.
Towards Transitive-free Digraphs
本文研究 $\ell$-RTVD 问题，在多类有向图上给出多项式可解、NP 难及参数化核与不可处理性结果。
On a family of divisible design digraphs
针对奇素数幂 $q$，构造了海森堡群上两两不同构的正规弧传递可除设计 Cayley 有向图，并证明其 Weisfeiler-Leman 维数为 3。
Highly connected spanning oriented subdigraphs in generalizations of semicomplete digraphs
研究半完全有向图推广中高度连通生成有向子图问题，证明扩展半完全有向图中$(4k + 1)$-强时有生成$k$-强有向子图，半完全分裂有向图中$5k$-强时有该子图，得出相关$f(k)$存在性结论及对一类有向图的$f(k)$上限。
Like the Coxeter graph became reattached into the Klein graph in [2], the Levi graphs of the $9_3$ and $10_3$ self-dual configurations, known as the Pappus and Desargues ($k$-transitive) graphs $\mathcal P$ and $\mathcal D$ (where $k=3$), also admit reattachments of the distance-$(k-1)$ graphs of half of their oriented shortest cycles via orientation assignments on their common $(k-1)$-arcs, concurrent for ${\mathcal P}$ and opposite for $\mathcal D$, now into 2 disjoint copies of their corresponding Menger graphs. Here, $\mathcal P$ is the unique cubic distance-transitive (or CDT) graph with …
In 2018, Bai, Fujita and Zhang (\emph{Discrete Math.} 2018, 341(6): 1523-1533) introduced the concept of a kernel by rainbow paths (for short, RP-kernel) of an arc-coloured digraph $D$, which is a subset $S$ of vertices of $D$ such that ($a$) there exists no rainbow path for any pair of distinct vertices of $S$, and ($b$) every vertex outside $S$ can reach $S$ by a rainbow path in $D$. They showed that it is NP-hard to recognize wether an arc-coloured digraph has a RP-kernel and it is NP-complete to decided wether an arc-coloured tournament has a RP-kernel. In this paper, we give the sufficien…
The typical structure of oriented graphs and digraphs with forbidden blow-up of transitive tournaments
研究禁止传递竞赛图爆破的有向图与有向图的典型结构，证明几乎所有此类图都具有特定r-划分，并给出计数渐近公式。
In 1985, Mader conjectured the existence of a function $f$ such that every digraph with minimum out-degree at least $f(k)$ contains a subdivision of the transitive tournament of order $k$. This conjecture is still completely open, as the existence of $f(5)$ remains unknown. In this paper, we show that if $D$ is an oriented path, or an in-arborescence (i.e., a tree with all edges oriented towards the root) or the union of two directed paths from $x$ to $y$ and a directed path from $y$ to $x$, then every digraph with minimum out-degree large enough contains a subdivision of $D$. Additionally, we…
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