与经典模型相比,量子力学在信息处理任务中提供了显著的改进。这些优势包括从计算速度到安全性的提高。关键问题是这些优势从何而来。由Spekkens [R. W. Spekkens PRA 75,032110(2012)]模拟了量子力学的许多特征,例如纠缠和非克隆,尽管是局部隐藏变量理论,但在这方面被认为是重要的。在这项工作中,我们研究了Spekkens的玩具模型中的几个协议,我们看到它也可以模仿量子情况下显示的优点和局限性。我们首先提供明确的证明玩具比特承诺的不可能性和存在的玩具纠错协议和随之而来的$k-$阈值秘密共享。然后,定义了一个基于量子单向计算机的玩具计算模型,证明了盲协议和验证协议的存在性。重要的是,众所周知,这最后两个量子协议可以实现比经典更好的安全性。我们的研究结果表明,这种量子改进不需要产生任何贝尔型非局域性或上下文,而是作为一个结果的指导相关性。
英文摘要:
Quantum mechanics is known to provide significant improvements in information processing tasks when compared to classical models. These advantages range from computational speeds-up to security improvements. A key question is where these advantages come from. The toy model developed by Spekkens [R. W. Spekkens PRA 75, 032110 (2012)] mimics many of the features of quantum mechanics, such as entanglement and no-cloning, regarded as being important in this regard, despite being a local hidden variable theory. In this work we study several protocols within Spekkens' toy model where we see it can also mimic the advantages and limitations shown in the quantum case. We first provide explicit proofs for the impossibility of toy bit-commitment and the existence of a toy error correction protocol and consequent $k-$threshold secret sharing. Then, defining a toy computational model based on the quantum one-way computer we prove the existence of blind and verified protocols. Importantly, these two last quantum protocols are known to achieve a better-than-classical security. Our results suggest that such quantum improvements need not arise from any Bell-type non locality or contextuality, but rather as a consequence of steering correlations.
Phase groups and the origin of non-locality for qubits
我们描述了一个一般框架,在这个框架中,我们可以精确地比较最初可能用完全不同的数学术语表述的类量子理论的结构。然后,我们使用这个框架来比较两个理论:量子力学限制到量子位稳定器状态和操作,和Spekkens的玩具理论。我们发现,在我们的框架内,这些理论是非常相似的,但在一个关键方面不同-一个四元素组,我们称之为相组,自然出现在我们的框架。在稳定器理论的情况下,这个群是Z4,而对于Spekkens的玩具理论,这个群是Z2 x Z2。我们进一步表明,这个组的结构是密切参与的理论之间的一个关键的物理差异:它们是否可以建模的本地隐变量理论。这是通过建立相群之间的联系,和GHZ状态相关性的抽象概念。我们接着通过定义“相互无偏量子比特理论”的概念来精确地阐述稳定器理论和玩具理论是如何“相似”的,注意到所有这些理论都有四个元素相群。由于Z4和Z2 x Z2是仅有的这样的群,我们得出结论,在这种类型的理论中GHZ相关性只能采取两种形式,确切地说,那些出现在稳定器理论和Spekkens的玩具理论中。结果表明,通过有限阿贝尔群对局部/非局部行为进行了分类,超越了量子比特,扩展到有限理论,其观测量都是相互无偏的。
Information Dynamics in Quantum Harmonic Systems: Insights from Toy Models
School of Quantum Physics and Matter, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM)(基础科学研究所);Ershad Damavand, Institute of Higher Education (EDI)(厄尔沙德达马万德高等教育研究所);Department of Physics, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU)(伊斯兰阿扎德大学中央德黑兰分校物理系)
Experimental demonstration of non-local magic in a superconducting quantum processor
Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”(那不勒斯费德里科二世大学);Scuola Superiore Meridionale(南方高等学院);Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)(意大利国家核物理研究所)