We show that for every finite colouring of the natural numbers there exists $a,b >1$ such that the triple $\{a,b,a^b\}$ is monochromatic. We go on to show the partition regularity of a much richer class of patterns involving exponentiation. For example, as a corollary to our main theorem, we show that for every $n \in \mathbb{N}$ and for every finite colouring of the natural numbers, we may find a monochromatic set including the integers $x_1,\ldots,x_n >1$; all products of distinct $x_i$; and all "exponential compositions" of distinct $x_i$ which respect the order $x_1,\ldots,x_n$. In particular, for every finite colouring of the natural numbers one can find a monochromatic quadruple of the form $\{ a,b,ab,a^b \}$, where $a,b>1$.
The list Ramsey number $R_{\ell}(H,k)$, recently introduced by Alon, Bucić, Kalvari, Kuperwasser, and Szabó, is a list-coloring variant of the classical Ramsey number. They showed that if $H$ is a fixed $r$-uniform hypergraph that is not $r$-partite and the number of colors $k$ goes to infinity, $e^{Ω(\sqrt{k})} \le R_{\ell} (H,k) \le e^{O(k)}$. We prove that $R_{\ell}(H,k) = e^{Θ(k)}$ if and only if $H$ is not $r$-partite.
We introduce the list colouring extension of classical Ramsey numbers. We investigate when the two Ramsey numbers are equal, and in general, how far apart they can be from each other. We find graph sequences where the two are equal and where they are far apart. For $\ell$-uniform cliques we prove that the list Ramsey number is bounded by an exponential function, while it is well-known that the Ramsey number is super-exponential for uniformity at least $3$. This is in great contrast to the graph case where we cannot even decide the question of equality for cliques.
A recent breakthrough of Conlon and Ferber yielded an exponential improvement on the lower bounds for multicolor diagonal Ramsey numbers. In this note, we modify their construction and obtain improved bounds for more than three colors.
For a graph $H$ and an integer $n$, we let $nH$ denote the disjoint union of $n$ copies of $H$. In 1975, Burr, Erdős, and Spencer initiated the study of Ramsey numbers for $nH$, one of few instances for which Ramsey numbers are now known precisely. They showed that there is a constant $c = c(H)$ such that $r(nH) = (2|H| - α(H))n + c$, provided $n$ is sufficiently large. Subsequently, Burr gave an implicit way of computing $c$ and noted that this long term behaviour occurs when $n$ is triply exponential in $|H|$. Very recently, Bucić and Sudakov revived the problem and established an essentiall…
Given a positive integer $ r $, the $ r $-color size-Ramsey number of a graph $ H $, denoted by $ \hat{R}(H, r) $, is the smallest integer $ m $ for which there exists a graph $ G $ with $ m $ edges such that, in any edge coloring of $ G $ with $ r $ colors, $G$ contains a monochromatic copy of $ H $. Haxell, Kohayakawa and Łuczak showed that the size-Ramsey number of a cycle $ C_n $ is linear in $ n $ i.e. $ \hat{R}(C_n, r) \leq c_rn $, for some constant $ c_r $. Their proof, however, is based on the Szemerédi's regularity lemma and so no specific constant $ c_r $ is known. Javadi, Khoeini, O…
The Ramsey number $r(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the smallest integer $n$ such that any $2$ colouring of the edges of a clique on $n$ vertices contains a monochromatic copy of $G$. Determining the Ramsey number of $G$ is a central problem of Ramsey theory with long and illustrious history. Despite this there are precious few classes of graphs $G$ for which the value of $r(G)$ is known exactly. One such family consists of large vertex disjoint unions of a fixed graph $H$, we denote such a graph, consisting of $n$ copies of $H$ by $nH$. This classical result was proved by Burr, Erdős and Spencer in 19…
Let $K_m^{(3)}$ denote the complete $3$-uniform hypergraph on $m$ vertices and $S_n^{(3)}$ the $3$-uniform hypergraph on $n+1$ vertices consisting of all $\binom{n}{2}$ edges incident to a given vertex. Whereas many hypergraph Ramsey numbers grow either at most polynomially or at least exponentially, we show that the off-diagonal Ramsey number $r(K_{4}^{(3)},S_n^{(3)})$ exhibits an unusual intermediate growth rate, namely, \[ 2^{c \log^2 n} \le r(K_{4}^{(3)},S_n^{(3)}) \le 2^{c' n^{2/3}\log n} \] for some positive constants $c$ and $c'$. The proof of these bounds brings in a novel Ramsey probl…
本文将整数和模n整数的等差数列推广到图上。这允许定义图的反范德瓦尔登数。本文的重点是3-term等差数列，一般的边界得到的基础上的半径和直径的图。改进了树和笛卡儿积的一般界，并确定了某些图类的精确值。考虑了较大k项的等差数列，建立了路的Ramsey数与图的反van der Waerden数之间的联系.
We study a generalisation of the bipartite Ramsey numbers to blowups of graphs. For a graph $G$, denote the $t$-blowup of $G$ by $G[t]$. We say that $G$ is $r$-Ramsey for $H$, and write $G \stackrel{r}{\rightarrow} H$, if every $r$-colouring of the edges of $G$ has a monochromatic copy of $H$. We show that if $G \stackrel{r}{\rightarrow} H$, then for all $t$, there exists $n$ such that $G[n] \stackrel{r}{\rightarrow} H[t]$. In fact, we provide exponential lower and upper bounds for the minimum $n$ with $G[n] \stackrel{r}{\rightarrow} H[t]$, and conjecture an upper bound of the form $c^t$, wher…
The Gallai-Ramsey number $gr_{k}(K_{3}: H_{1}, H_{2}, \cdots, H_{k})$ is the smallest integer $n$ such that every $k$-edge-colored $K_{n}$ contains either a rainbow $K_3$ or a monochromatic $H_{i}$ in color $i$ for some $i\in [k]$. We find the largest star that can be removed from $K_n$ such that the underlying graph is still forced to have a rainbow $K_3$ or a monochromatic $H_{i}$ in color $i$ for some $i\in [k]$. Thus, we define the star-critical Gallai-Ramsey number $gr_{k}^{*}(K_3: H_{1}, H_{2}, \cdots, H_{k})$ as the smallest integer $s$ such that every $k$-edge-colored $K_{n}-K_{1, n-1-…
