In order to create an "in-the-wild" dataset of facial emotions with large number of balanced samples, this paper proposes a game-based data collection framework. The framework mainly include three components: a game engine, a game interface, and a data collection and evaluation module. We use a deep learning approach to build an emotion classifier as the game engine. Then a emotion web game to allow gamers to enjoy the games, while the data collection module obtains automatically-labelled emotion images. Using our game, we have collected more than 15,000 images within a month of the test run and built an emotion dataset "GaMo". To evaluate the dataset, we compared the performance of two deep learning models trained on both GaMo and CIFE. The results of our experiments show that because of being large and balanced, GaMo can be used to build a more robust emotion detector than the emotion detector trained on CIFE, which was used in the game engine to collect the face images.
University of Calabria（卡拉布里亚大学）；Plymouth University（普利茅斯大学）；Istanbul Bilgi University（伊斯坦布尔比尔基大学）
Group emotion recognition in the wild is a challenging problem, due to the unstructured environments in which everyday life pictures are taken. Some of the obstacles for an effective classification are occlusions, variable lighting conditions, and image quality. In this work we present a solution based on a novel combination of deep neural networks and Bayesian classifiers. The neural network works on a bottom-up approach, analyzing emotions expressed by isolated faces. The Bayesian classifier estimates a global emotion integrating top-down features obtained through a scene descriptor. In orde…
School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University（西蒙弗雷泽大学计算科学学院）
The portrayal of negative emotions such as anger can vary widely between cultures and contexts, depending on the acceptability of expressing full-blown emotions rather than suppression to maintain harmony. The majority of emotional datasets collect data under the broad label ``anger", but social signals can range from annoyed, contemptuous, angry, furious, hateful, and more. In this work, we curated the first in-the-wild multicultural video dataset of emotions, and deeply explored anger-related emotional expressions by asking culture-fluent annotators to label the videos with 6 labels and 13 e…
University of South Carolina（南卡罗来纳大学）；Innopeak Technology Inc.（Innopeak科技公司）；Sigma Technologies（12西格玛科技公司）；JD.com, Inc.（京东集团）；University of Washington Bothell（华盛顿大学博塞尔分校）
Emotion recognition plays an important role in human-computer interaction (HCI) and has been extensively studied for decades. Although tremendous improvements have been achieved for posed expressions, recognizing human emotions in "close-to-real-world" environments remains a challenge. In this paper, we proposed two strategies to fuse information extracted from different modalities, i.e., audio and visual. Specifically, we utilized LBP-TOP, an ensemble of CNNs, and a bi-directional LSTM (BLSTM) to extract features from the visual channel, and the OpenSmile toolkit to extract features from the …
This paper presents a novel CNN-RNN based approach, which exploits multiple CNN features for dimensional emotion recognition in-the-wild, utilizing the One-Minute Gradual-Emotion (OMG-Emotion) dataset. Our approach includes first pre-training with the relevant and large in size, Aff-Wild and Aff-Wild2 emotion databases. Low-, mid- and high-level features are extracted from the trained CNN component and are exploited by RNN subnets in a multi-task framework. Their outputs constitute an intermediate level prediction; final estimates are obtained as the mean or median values of these predictions.…
Beijing Seek Truth Data Technology Co.,Ltd.（北京求真数据科技有限公司）；Renmin University of China（中国人民大学）；Ant Group（蚂蚁集团）
In this paper, we briefly introduce our submission to the Valence-Arousal Estimation Challenge of the 3rd Affective Behavior Analysis in-the-wild (ABAW) competition. Our method utilizes the multi-modal information, i.e., the visual and audio information, and employs a temporal encoder to model the temporal context in the videos. Besides, a smooth processor is applied to get more reasonable predictions, and a model ensemble strategy is used to improve the performance of our proposed method. The experiment results show that our method achieves 65.55% ccc for valence and 70.88% ccc for arousal on…
Goldsmiths University of London（伦敦金史密斯大学）；University of Oulu（奥卢大学）；Middlesex University of London（伦敦密德萨斯大学）
Automatic understanding of human affect using visual signals is of great importance in everyday human-machine interactions. Appraising human emotional states, behaviors and reactions displayed in real-world settings, can be accomplished using latent continuous dimensions (e.g., the circumplex model of affect). Valence (i.e., how positive or negative is an emotion) & arousal (i.e., power of the activation of the emotion) constitute popular and effective affect representations. Nevertheless, the majority of collected datasets this far, although containing naturalistic emotional states, have been…
Netease Fuxi AI Lab（网易伏羲人工智能实验室）；Southwest University（西南大学）
Automatic affective recognition has been an important research topic in human computer interaction (HCI) area. With recent development of deep learning techniques and large scale in-the-wild annotated datasets, the facial emotion analysis is now aimed at challenges in the real world settings. In this paper, we introduce our submission to the 2nd Affective Behavior Analysis in-the-wild (ABAW2) Competition. In dealing with different emotion representations, including Categorical Emotions (CE), Action Units (AU), and Valence Arousal (VA), we propose a multi-task streaming network by a heuristic t…
Revisiting Emotions Representation for Recognition in the Wild
São Paulo State Technological College (FATEC)（圣保罗州技术学院）；Media Integration and Communication Center (MICC) Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence（佛罗伦萨大学信息工程系媒体整合与通信中心）
In recent years, transformer architecture has been a dominating paradigm in many applications, including affective computing. In this report, we propose our transformer-based model to handle Emotion Classification Task in the 5th Affective Behavior Analysis In-the-wild Competition. By leveraging the attentive model and the synthetic dataset, we attain a score of 0.4775 on the validation set of Aff-Wild2, the dataset provided by the organizer.
With the improved performance of deep learning, the number of studies trying to apply deep learning to human emotion analysis is increasing rapidly. But even with this trend going on, it is still difficult to obtain high-quality images and annotations. For this reason, the Learning from Synthetic Data (LSD) Challenge, which learns from synthetic images and infers from real images, is one of the most interesting areas. In general, Domain Adaptation methods are widely used to address LSD challenges, but there is a limitation that target domains (real images) are still needed. Focusing on these l…
In this work, we describe our method for tackling the valence-arousal estimation challenge from ABAW2 ICCV-2021 Competition. The competition organizers provide an in-the-wild Aff-Wild2 dataset for participants to analyze affective behavior in real-life settings. We use a two stream model to learn emotion features from appearance and action respectively. To solve data imbalanced problem, we apply label distribution smoothing (LDS) to re-weight labels. Our proposed method achieves Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) of 0.591 and 0.617 for valence and arousal on the validation set of Aff-wi…
Due to the collection of big data and the development of deep learning, research to predict human emotions in the wild is being actively conducted. We designed a multi-task model using ABAW dataset to predict valence-arousal, expression, and action unit through audio data and face images at in real world. We trained model from the incomplete label by applying the knowledge distillation technique. The teacher model was trained as a supervised learning method, and the student model was trained by using the output of the teacher model as a soft label. As a result we achieved 2.40 in Multi Task Le…
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）
When recognizing emotions, subtle nuances in displays of emotion generate ambiguity or uncertainty in emotion perception. Emotion uncertainty has been previously interpreted as inter-rater disagreement among multiple annotators. In this paper, we consider a more common and challenging scenario: modeling emotion uncertainty when only single emotion labels are available. From a Bayesian perspective, we propose to use deep ensembles to capture uncertainty for multiple emotion descriptors, i.e., action units, discrete expression labels and continuous descriptors. We further apply iterative self-di…
In this paper, we describe an entry to the third Emotion Recognition in the Wild Challenge, EmotiW2015. We detail the associated experiments and show that, through more accurately locating the facial landmarks, and considering only the distances between them, we can achieve a surprising level of performance. The resulting system is not only more accurate than the challenge baseline, but also much simpler.
This paper illustrates our submission method to the fourth Affective Behavior Analysis in-the-Wild (ABAW) Competition. The method is used for the Multi-Task Learning Challenge. Instead of using only face information, we employ full information from a provided dataset containing face and the context around the face. We utilized the InceptionNet V3 model to extract deep features then we applied the attention mechanism to refine the features. After that, we put those features into the transformer block and multi-layer perceptron networks to get the final multiple kinds of emotion. Our model predi…
Automatic emotion recognition is a challenging task. In this paper, we present our effort for the audio-video based sub-challenge of the Emotion Recognition in the Wild (EmotiW) 2018 challenge, which requires participants to assign a single emotion label to the video clip from the six universal emotions (Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happiness, Sad and Surprise) and Neutral. The proposed multimodal emotion recognition system takes audio, video and text information into account. Except for handcraft features, we also extract bottleneck features from deep neutral networks (DNNs) via transfer learning. B…
JD Digits（京东数科）；Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）
Much of the work on automatic facial expression recognition relies on databases containing a certain number of emotion classes and their exaggerated facial configurations (generally six prototypical facial expressions), based on Ekman's Basic Emotion Theory. However, recent studies have revealed that facial expressions in our human life can be blended with multiple basic emotions. And the emotion labels for these in-the-wild facial expressions cannot easily be annotated solely on pre-defined AU patterns. How to analyze the action units for such complex expressions is still an open question. To…
This paper details the methodology and results of the EmotioNet challenge. This challenge is the first to test the ability of computer vision algorithms in the automatic analysis of a large number of images of facial expressions of emotion in the wild. The challenge was divided into two tracks. The first track tested the ability of current computer vision algorithms in the automatic detection of action units (AUs). Specifically, we tested the detection of 11 AUs. The second track tested the algorithms' ability to recognize emotion categories in images of facial expressions. Specifically, we te…
Classifying the human emotion through facial expressions is a big topic in both the Computer Vision and Deep learning fields. Human emotion can be classified as one of the basic emotion types like being angry, happy or dimensional emotion with valence and arousal values. There are a lot of related challenges in this topic, one of the most famous challenges is called the 'Affect-in-the-wild Challenge'(Aff-Wild Challenge). It is the first challenge on the estimation of valence and arousal in-the-wild. This project is an extension of the Aff-wild Challenge. Aff-wild database was created using ima…
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Institute of Computing Technology（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）
This paper is a brief introduction to our submission to the seven basic expression classification track of Affective Behavior Analysis in-the-wild Competition held in conjunction with the IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG) 2020. Our method combines Deep Residual Network (ResNet) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Network (BLSTM), achieving 64.3% accuracy and 43.4% final metric on the validation set.
Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；RealEyes（RealEyes公司）；University of Augsburg（奥格斯堡大学）
Automatic affect recognition using visual cues is an important task towards a complete interaction between humans and machines. Applications can be found in tutoring systems and human computer interaction. A critical step towards that direction is facial feature extraction. In this paper, we propose a facial feature extractor model trained on an in-the-wild and massively collected video dataset provided by the RealEyes company. The dataset consists of a million labelled frames and 2,616 thousand subjects. As temporal information is important to the emotion recognition domain, we utilise LSTM c…
Automatic recognition of emotion from facial expressions is an intense area of research, with a potentially long list of important application. Yet, the study of emotion requires knowing which facial expressions are used within and across cultures in the wild, not in controlled lab conditions; but such studies do not exist. Which and how many cross-cultural and cultural-specific facial expressions do people commonly use? And, what affect variables does each expression communicate to observers? If we are to design technology that understands the emotion of users, we need answers to these two fu…
In this work we tackle the task of video-based audio-visual emotion recognition, within the premises of the 2nd Workshop and Competition on Affective Behavior Analysis in-the-wild (ABAW2). Poor illumination conditions, head/body orientation and low image resolution constitute factors that can potentially hinder performance in case of methodologies that solely rely on the extraction and analysis of facial features. In order to alleviate this problem, we leverage both bodily and contextual features, as part of a broader emotion recognition framework. We choose to use a standard CNN-RNN cascade a…
Obtaining large, human labelled speech datasets to train models for emotion recognition is a notoriously challenging task, hindered by annotation cost and label ambiguity. In this work, we consider the task of learning embeddings for speech classification without access to any form of labelled audio. We base our approach on a simple hypothesis: that the emotional content of speech correlates with the facial expression of the speaker. By exploiting this relationship, we show that annotations of expression can be transferred from the visual domain (faces) to the speech domain (voices) through cr…
NVIDIA（英伟达）；Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems（马克斯·普朗克智能系统研究所）
Emotion recognition aims to interpret the emotional states of a person based on various inputs including audio, visual, and textual cues. This paper focuses on emotion recognition using visual features. To leverage the correlation between facial expression and the emotional state of a person, pioneering methods rely primarily on facial features. However, facial features are often unreliable in natural unconstrained scenarios, such as in crowded scenes, as the face lacks pixel resolution and contains artifacts due to occlusion and blur. To address this, in the wild emotion recognition exploits …
École de Technologie Supérieure, University of Québec（魁北克大学高等技术学院）
This paper presents a novel deep neural network (DNN) for multimodal fusion of audio, video and text modalities for emotion recognition. The proposed DNN architecture has independent and shared layers which aim to learn the representation for each modality, as well as the best combined representation to achieve the best prediction. Experimental results on the AVEC Sentiment Analysis in the Wild dataset indicate that the proposed DNN can achieve a higher level of Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) than other state-of-the-art systems that perform early fusion of modalities at feature-leve…
University of Delaware（特拉华大学）；Target Corporation（塔吉特公司）
This paper presents an audiovisual-based emotion recognition hybrid network. While most of the previous work focuses either on using deep models or hand-engineered features extracted from images, we explore multiple deep models built on both images and audio signals. Specifically, in addition to convolutional neural networks (CNN) and recurrent neutral networks (RNN) trained on facial images, the hybrid network also contains one SVM classifier trained on holistic acoustic feature vectors, one long short-term memory network (LSTM) trained on short-term feature sequences extracted from segmented…
In this work we tackle the task of video-based visual emotion recognition in the wild. Standard methodologies that rely solely on the extraction of bodily and facial features often fall short of accurate emotion prediction in cases where the aforementioned sources of affective information are inaccessible due to head/body orientation, low resolution and poor illumination. We aspire to alleviate this problem by leveraging visual context in the form of scene characteristics and attributes, as part of a broader emotion recognition framework. Temporal Segment Networks (TSN) constitute the backbone…
The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Amazon Lab126（亚马逊Lab126）
Humans are arguably innately prepared to comprehend others' emotional expressions from subtle body movements. If robots or computers can be empowered with this capability, a number of robotic applications become possible. Automatically recognizing human bodily expression in unconstrained situations, however, is daunting given the incomplete understanding of the relationship between emotional expressions and body movements. The current research, as a multidisciplinary effort among computer and information sciences, psychology, and statistics, proposes a scalable and reliable crowdsourcing appro…
Automated affective computing in the wild setting is a challenging problem in computer vision. Existing annotated databases of facial expressions in the wild are small and mostly cover discrete emotions (aka the categorical model). There are very limited annotated facial databases for affective computing in the continuous dimensional model (e.g., valence and arousal). To meet this need, we collected, annotated, and prepared for public distribution a new database of facial emotions in the wild (called AffectNet). AffectNet contains more than 1,000,000 facial images from the Internet by querying…
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）
Facial valence/arousal, expression and action unit are related tasks in facial affective analysis. However, the tasks only have limited performance in the wild due to the various collected conditions. The 4th competition on affective behavior analysis in the wild (ABAW) provided images with valence/arousal, expression and action unit labels. In this paper, we introduce multi-task learning framework to enhance the performance of three related tasks in the wild. Feature sharing and label fusion are used to utilize their relations. We conduct experiments on the provided training and validating da…
MAFW: A Large-scale, Multi-modal, Compound Affective Database for Dynamic Facial Expression Recognition in the Wild
School of Computer Science, CUG University of Geosciences (Wuhan)（中国地质大学（武汉）计算机学院）；Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）
National Technical University of Athens（雅典国立技术大学）；Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas (FORTH)（希腊研究与技术基金会）；University of Exeter（埃克塞特大学）
In this paper, we introduce a novel deep learning method for photo-realistic manipulation of the emotional state of actors in "in-the-wild" videos. The proposed method is based on a parametric 3D face representation of the actor in the input scene that offers a reliable disentanglement of the facial identity from the head pose and facial expressions. It then uses a novel deep domain translation framework that alters the facial expressions in a consistent and plausible manner, taking into account their dynamics. Finally, the altered facial expressions are used to photo-realistically manipulate …
The study of affective computing in the wild setting is underpinned by databases. Existing multimodal emotion databases in the real-world conditions are few and small, with a limited number of subjects and expressed in a single language. To meet this requirement, we collected, annotated, and prepared to release a new natural state video database (called HEU Emotion). HEU Emotion contains a total of 19,004 video clips, which is divided into two parts according to the data source. The first part contains videos downloaded from Tumblr, Google, and Giphy, including 10 emotions and two modalities (…
Affective behavior analysis plays an important role in human-computer interaction, customer marketing, health monitoring. ABAW Challenge and Aff-Wild2 dataset raise the new challenge for classifying basic emotions and regression valence-arousal value under in-the-wild environments. In this paper, we present an affective expression analysis model that deals with the above challenges. Our approach includes STAT and Temporal Module for fine-tuning again face feature model. We experimented on Aff-Wild2 dataset, a large-scale dataset for ABAW Challenge with the annotations for both the categorical …
Renmin University of China（中国人民大学）；Beijing Seek Truth Data Technology Co.,Ltd.（北京求真数据科技有限公司）；Qiyuan Lab（启元实验室）
This paper presents our system for the Multi-Task Learning (MTL) Challenge in the 4th Affective Behavior Analysis in-the-wild (ABAW) competition. We explore the research problems of this challenge from three aspects: 1) For obtaining efficient and robust visual feature representations, we propose MAE-based unsupervised representation learning and IResNet/DenseNet-based supervised representation learning methods; 2) Considering the importance of temporal information in videos, we explore three types of sequential encoders to capture the temporal information, including the encoder based on trans…
Emotions play an important role in people's life. Understanding and recognising is not only important for interpersonal communication, but also has promising applications in Human-Computer Interaction, automobile safety and medical research. This project focuses on extending the emotion recognition database, and training the CNN + RNN emotion recognition neural networks with emotion category representation and valence \& arousal representation. The combined models are constructed by training the two representations simultaneously. The comparison and analysis between the three types of model ar…
Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；University of Oulu（奥卢大学）
This paper presents our approach to the One-Minute Gradual-Emotion Recognition (OMG-Emotion) Challenge, focusing on dimensional emotion recognition through visual analysis of the provided emotion videos. The approach is based on a Convolutional and Recurrent (CNN-RNN) deep neural architecture we have developed for the relevant large AffWild Emotion Database. We extended and adapted this architecture, by letting a combination of multiple features generated in the CNN component be explored by RNN subnets. Our target has been to obtain best performance on the OMG-Emotion visual validation data se…
This paper addresses the question of emotion classification. The task consists in predicting emotion labels (taken among a set of possible labels) best describing the emotions contained in short video clips. Building on a standard framework -- lying in describing videos by audio and visual features used by a supervised classifier to infer the labels -- this paper investigates several novel directions. First of all, improved face descriptors based on 2D and 3D Convo-lutional Neural Networks are proposed. Second, the paper explores several fusion methods, temporal and multimodal, including a nov…
Goldsmiths, University of London（伦敦大学金史密斯学院）；University of York（约克大学）；The Cyprus Institute（塞浦路斯研究所）
Video game streaming provides the viewer with a rich set of audio-visual data, conveying information both with regards to the game itself, through game footage and audio, as well as the streamer's emotional state and behaviour via webcam footage and audio. Analysing player behaviour and discovering correlations with game context is crucial for modelling and understanding important aspects of livestreams, but comes with a significant set of challenges - such as fusing multimodal data captured by different sensors in uncontrolled ('in-the-wild') conditions. Firstly, we present, to our knowledge,…
In this article, the results of our team for the fifth Affective Behavior Analysis in-the-wild (ABAW) competition are presented. The usage of the pre-trained convolutional networks from the EmotiEffNet family for frame-level feature extraction is studied. In particular, we propose an ensemble of a multi-layered perceptron and the LightAutoML-based classifier. The post-processing by smoothing the results for sequential frames is implemented. Experimental results for the large-scale Aff-Wild2 database demonstrate that our model achieves a much greater macro-averaged F1-score for facial expressio…
Indian Institute of Technology Ropar（印度理工学院罗巴尔分校）；University of Canberra（堪培拉大学）；Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）
This paper details the sixth Emotion Recognition in the Wild (EmotiW) challenge. EmotiW 2018 is a grand challenge in the ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction 2018, Colorado, USA. The challenge aims at providing a common platform to researchers working in the affective computing community to benchmark their algorithms on `in the wild' data. This year EmotiW contains three sub-challenges: a) Audio-video based emotion recognition; b) Student engagement prediction; and c) Group-level emotion recognition. The databases, protocols and baselines are discussed in detail.
Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；University of Oulu（奥卢大学）
Automatic understanding of human affect using visual signals is a problem that has attracted significant interest over the past 20 years. However, human emotional states are quite complex. To appraise such states displayed in real-world settings, we need expressive emotional descriptors that are capable of capturing and describing this complexity. The circumplex model of affect, which is described in terms of valence (i.e., how positive or negative is an emotion) and arousal (i.e., power of the activation of the emotion), can be used for this purpose. Recent progress in the emotion recognition…
In this project, we created a database with two types of annotations used in the emotion recognition domain : Action Units and Valence Arousal to try to achieve better results than with only one model. The originality of the approach is also based on the type of architecture used to perform the prediction of the emotions : a categorical Generative Adversarial Network. This kind of dual network can generate images based on the pictures from the new dataset thanks to its generative network and decide if an image is fake or real thanks to its discriminative network as well as help to predict the …
