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arXiv 1602.08965math.CO
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关于132-可表示图

On 132-representable Graphs

Alice L. L. Gao, Sergey Kitaev, Philip B. Zhang

摘要:

图$G = (V,E)$是词可表示的,如果在字母表$V$上存在词$w$,使得字母$x$和$y$在$w$中交替,当且仅当$xy$是$E$中的边。词可表示图是\cite{KP}中开始的文献中的一条长的研究线的主题,并且它们是最近出版的书\cite{KL}中的主要焦点。如果不存在$1\leq i_1<i_2<i_3\leq n$使得$w_{i_1}<w_{i_3}<w_{i_2}$,则字$w=w_1\cdots w_{n}$避免模式$132$。单词和排列模式理论是\cite{HM,Kit}中讨论的一个快速发展的领域。\cite{KL}建议的一个研究方向是将词表示图形和词中模式的理论融合起来。也就是说,给定一类避免模式的词,我们能描述由这些词表示的图的类吗?我们的论文提供了第一个非平凡的结果在这个方向上。我们说一个图是132-可表示的,如果它可以用一个避免132的词来表示。我们证明了每一个132-可表示图必然是一个圆图。此外,我们表明,任何树和任何循环图是132-representable,这是一个相当令人惊讶的事实,考虑到这些图中的大多数是非representable在指定的意义上,作为一个概括的概念,一个词表示图,在\cite{JKPR}。最后,我们提供了明确的132-避免表示的所有图上最多5个顶点,也描述了所有这样的表示,并列举它们,为完整的图。

英文摘要:

A graph $G = (V,E)$ is word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if and only if $xy$ is an edge in $E$. Word-representable graphs are the subject of a long research line in the literature initiated in \cite{KP}, and they are the main focus in the recently published book \cite{KL}. A word $w=w_1\cdots w_{n}$ avoids the pattern $132$ if there are no $1\leq i_1<i_2<i_3\leq n$ such that $w_{i_1}<w_{i_3}<w_{i_2}$. The theory of patterns in words and permutations is a fast growing area discussed in \cite{HM,Kit}. A research direction suggested in \cite{KL} is in merging the theories of word-representable graphs and patterns in words. Namely, given a class of pattern-avoiding words, can we describe the class of graphs represented by the words? Our paper provides the first non-trivial results in this direction. We say that a graph is 132-representable if it can be represented by a 132-avoiding word. We show that each 132-representable graph is necessarily a circle graph. Also, we show that any tree and any cycle graph are 132-representable, which is a rather surprising fact taking into account that most of these graphs are non-representable in the sense specified, as a generalization of the notion of a word-representable graph, in \cite{JKPR}. Finally, we provide explicit 132-avoiding representations for all graphs on at most five vertices, and also describe all such representations, and enumerate them, for complete graphs.

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