arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 1601.03449physics.soc-phphysics.bio-phq-bio.PE
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小规模社会系统中的临界行为控制

Control of critical behavior in a small-scale social system

Bryan C. Daniels, David C. Krakauer, Jessica C. Flack

摘要:

在过去的十年中,新技术进行了大量的细粒度测量,导致了令人惊讶的发现,许多生物系统位于临界点附近。这些系统具有潜在的更强的适应性,因为对组件行为的微小改变可以引起聚集体结构和功能的大规模变化。关键程度的核算仍然是一个挑战,因为对扰动的敏感性表明缺乏稳健性。此外,由扰动引起的变化可能不是自适应的。使问题复杂化的是,依赖历史的随机过程可能会导致进一步的临界现象。区分这些相互冲突的临界性观点的一个核心问题是,系统的组件可以控制临界性到什么程度。我们解决的关键性使用数据的冲突动态和战斗规模从动物社会模型系统(猕猴nemestrina,n=48)的控制。该系统从根本上是有限的,所以我们操作的关键信息理论方面使用Fisher信息和不稳定性的措施。我们分析的关键性使用的猴子的战斗加入行为的基于逻辑的平衡(最大熵)和动态(分支过程)模型。我们发现:(1)这种异质的、社会组织的系统,就像同质的空间系统(羊群和学校)一样,位于临界点附近;(2)个体对系统临界程度的贡献可以量化和变化;(3)与临界点的距离(DFC)可以通过在这种异质性上运行的生物学上合理的机制来控制。这些机制包括第三方警务,这抑制了对DFC影响最大的个人的战斗参与。DFC的控制允许生物系统平衡鲁棒性和快速变化的需要之间的权衡。

英文摘要:

Over the last decade new technologies for making large numbers of fine-grained measurements have led to the surprising discovery that many biological systems sit near a critical point. These systems are potentially more adaptive in that small changes to component behavior can induce large-scale changes in aggregate structure and function. Accounting for criticality remains a challenge as sensitivity to perturbation suggests a lack of robustness. Furthermore, change induced by perturbation may not be adaptive. Complicating matters further critical phenomena can result from history-dependent stochastic processes. A question central to distinguishing among these conflicting views of criticality is to what degree criticality can be controlled by the components of the system. We address the control of criticality using data on conflict dynamics and fight sizes from an animal society model system (Macaca nemestrina, n=48). The system is fundamentally finite so we operationalize criticality in information theoretic terms using Fisher information and a measure of instability. We analyze criticality using empirically-grounded equilibrium (maximum entropy) and dynamic (branching process) models of the monkeys' fight-joining behavior. We find that (1) this heterogeneous, socially organized system, like homogeneous, spatial systems (flocks and schools), sits near a critical point, (2) the contributions individuals make to how critical the system is can be quantified and vary, and (3) the distance from the critical point (DFC) can be controlled through biologically plausible mechanisms operating on this heterogeneity. These mechanisms include third-party policing, which dampens fight participation of the individuals with the largest effect on DFC. Control of DFC allows biological systems to balance the tradeoff between robustness and need for rapid change.

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