对物理学的严格认识方法
A strict epistemic approach to physics
摘要：
一般的观点是，所有的基本物理定律都应该在量子力学（QM）给出的框架内表述。因此，在某种意义上，量子力学具有形而上学理论的性质。因此，如果有可能从更基本的原则中推导出质量管理，那么这些原则应该具有普遍性和哲学性。在这里，我们从动机良好的认知原则中推导出QM的形式主义。一个关键的假设是，一个依赖于原则上不可知的实体或区别的物理理论会产生错误的预测。首先，开发了一种认知形式主义，使用知识和潜在知识等概念，用物理世界的潜在知识识别物理状态$S$。它表明，质量管理出现从这种形式主义。然而，希尔伯特空间、波函数和概率仅在某些定义明确的观测背景下定义。这意味着认知形式主义比QM更广泛。在描述的基本层中，物理状态$S$是状态空间$\mathcal{S}=\{Z\}$的子集，使得$S$总是包含许多元素$Z$。这些元素对应于无法达到的对世界的完全知识的状态。$S$的演化不能根据元素$Z$的个体演化来确定，这与经典相空间中系综的演化不同。$S$的演变是按照顺序时间$n\in \mathbf{\mathbb{N}}$来描述的，每次事件发生时，每次潜在知识发生变化时，$n\in \mathbf{\mathbb{N}}$都会根据$n\rightarrow n+1$进行更新。序列时间$n$可以从关系时间$t$中分离出来，后者描述了时空中事件之间的距离。每个$n$都有一个完整的时空，其中$t$代表了在连续时间$n$上关于现在和过去事件之间时间关系的知识。
英文摘要：
The general view is that all fundamental physical laws should be formulated within the framework given by quantum mechanics (QM). In a sense, QM therefore has the character of a metaphysical theory. Consequently, if it is possible to derive QM from more basic principles, these principles should be of general, philosophical nature. Here, we derive the formalism of QM from well-motivated epistemic principles. A key assumption is that a physical theory that relies on entities or distinctions that are unknowable in principle gives rise to wrong predictions. First, an epistemic formalism is developed, using concepts like knowledge and potential knowledge, identifying a physical state $S$ with the potential knowledge of the physical world. It is demonstrated that QM emerges from this formalism. However, Hilbert spaces, wave functions and probabilities are defined in certain well-defined observational contexts only. This means that the epistemic formalism is broader than QM. In the fundamental layer of description, the physical state $S$ is a subset of a state space $\mathcal{S}=\{Z\}$, such that $S$ always contains many elements $Z$. These elements correspond to unattainable states of complete knowledge of the world. The evolution of $S$ cannot be determined in terms of the individual evolution of the elements $Z$, unlike the evolution of an ensemble in classical phase space. The evolution of $S$ is described in terms of sequential time $n\in \mathbf{\mathbb{N}}$, which is updated according to $n\rightarrow n+1$ each time an event occurs, each time potential knowledge changes. Sequential time $n$ can be separated from relational time $t$, which describes distances between events in space-time. There is an entire space-time associated with each $n$, in which $t$ represents the knowledge at sequential time $n$ about the temporal relations between present and past events.
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