为量子态的认识论观点辩护：一个玩具理论
In defense of the epistemic view of quantum states: a toy theory
摘要：
我们提出了一个玩具理论，它是基于一个简单的原则：回答的系统的物理状态的问题的数量必须始终等于在最大知识状态下未回答的数量。在这个玩具理论中，发现了各种各样的量子现象。这些现象包括：测量的不可交换性，干扰，混合态的凸分解的多重性，区分非正交态的不可能性，通用状态反转器的不可能性，二分和三分纠缠之间的区别，纯纠缠的一夫一妻制，没有克隆，没有广播，远程操纵，隐形传态，密集编码，相互无偏基，以及许多其他问题。这些类比的多样性和质量被认为是量子态是不完整知识的状态而不是现实状态的证据。玩具理论未能再现的现象，特别是违反贝尔不等式和存在的Kochen-Specker定理的考虑，提供了如何进行这项研究计划的线索。
英文摘要：
We present a toy theory that is based on a simple principle: the number of questions about the physical state of a system that are answered must always be equal to the number that are unanswered in a state of maximal knowledge. A wide variety of quantum phenomena are found to have analogues within this toy theory. Such phenomena include: the noncommutativity of measurements, interference, the multiplicity of convex decompositions of a mixed state, the impossibility of discriminating nonorthogonal states, the impossibility of a universal state inverter, the distinction between bi-partite and tri-partite entanglement, the monogamy of pure entanglement, no cloning, no broadcasting, remote steering, teleportation, dense coding, mutually unbiased bases, and many others. The diversity and quality of these analogies is taken as evidence for the view that quantum states are states of incomplete knowledge rather than states of reality. A consideration of the phenomena that the toy theory fails to reproduce, notably, violations of Bell inequalities and the existence of a Kochen-Specker theorem, provides clues for how to proceed with this research program.
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