作为原理物理学家的尼尔斯·玻尔

中文摘要 AI 辅助

我们的核心主张是，尼尔斯·玻尔（Niels Bohr）采用原理性方法研究量子力学，以协调两项原理：其一为区分原理，主张必须在经典仪器与量子系统之间做出明确的认知论区分；其二为非定域性原理，断言在任何测量过程中，二者在本体论上是非可分的。后者是玻尔论证的结果，该论证指出，在测量相互作用期间，量子系统与测量仪器会形成一种“新型个体性”。为支撑我们的主张，我们首先揭示一个被忽视的事实：根据玻尔的观点，测量相互作用是一种物理的、不可逆的过程，而非仅仅是对新信息的认知论获取。在这方面，量子力学不仅应被视为一种普适理论，还应揭示量子领域与经典领域之间不存在非任意的差异；这种区分纯粹是实用主义的。依赖清晰可区分的经典领域的认知论必要性，与量子系统和经典仪器的本体论非可分性之间的张力，促使玻尔拒绝为测量过程提供建构性解释，例如后来由自发动力学约化模型所提出的那种解释。

英文摘要

Our main claim is that Bohr adopted a principle-theoretic approach to quantum mechanics in order to reconcile two principles: the distinction principle, which asserts the necessity of a clear epistemic distinction between a classical apparatus and a quantum system, and the non-separability principle, which asserts that the two systems are ontologically non-separable in any measurement process. The latter principle is a consequence of Bohr's argument that, during a measurement interaction, the quantum system and the measurement apparatus form a 'new kind of individuality'. To support our argument, we first demonstrate the overlooked fact that, according to Bohr, the measurement interaction is a physical, irreversible process and not merely an epistemic acquisition of new information. In this respect, quantum mechanics must be regarded not only as a universal theory, but also as revealing no non-arbitrary difference between a quantum realm and a classical realm; the distinction is purely pragmatic. The tension between the epistemic necessity to rely on a neatly distinguishable classical realm and the ontic non-separability of the quantum system and the classical apparatus inclined Bohr to refuse to provide a constructive account of the measurement process, such as that later proposed, for instance, by spontaneous dynamical reduction models.

发表机构

• Roma Tre University（罗马第三大学）
• University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学）

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