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arXiv 1504.07170astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
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UV驱动的近距离行星蒸发:能量限制、复合限制和光子限制流

UV driven evaporation of close-in planets: energy-limited; recombination-limited and photon-limited flows

James E. Owen, Marcelo A. Alvarez

摘要:

我们已经研究了电离光子照射下的近距离系外行星的蒸发。我们发现,流动的性质是由复合时间的流动时间尺度的比例。当复合时间尺度比流动时间尺度短时,流动处于近似局部电离平衡,电离前沿较薄,其中光子平均自由程比流动尺度短。在这种“复合限制”流动中,质量损失大致与入射通量的平方根成比例。当重组时间是长的流动时间尺度相比,电离前沿变得厚,并涵盖了整个流,与质量损失率缩放与通量线性。如果行星的潜力是深的流量大约是“能量有限的”,但是,如果行星的潜力是浅的,我们确定了一个新的限制质量损失制度,我们的术语“光子有限”。在这种情况下,质量损失率完全受入射电离光子通量的限制。我们已经开发了一种新的数值方法,考虑到传入的电离光谱的频率依赖性,并进行了大量的一维模拟,以减少低质量行星周围的紫外线驱动的质量损失。我们发现,流量是“重组有限”在高通量,但成为“能量有限”在低通量,然而,过渡是广泛的发生在几个数量级的通量。最后,我们指出,不同的流量类型之间的过渡不会发生在一个单一的流量值,但取决于行星的属性,与质量较高的行星成为“能量有限”在较低的流量。

英文摘要:

We have investigated the evaporation of close-in exoplanets irradiated by ionizing photons. We find that the properties of the flow are controlled by the ratio of the recombination time to the flow time-scale. When the recombination time-scale is short compared to the flow time-scale the the flow is in approximate local ionization equilibrium with a thin ionization front, where the photon mean free path is short compared to flow scale. In this "recombination limited" flow the mass-loss scales roughly with the square root of the incident flux. When the recombination time is long compared to the flow time-scale the ionization front becomes thick and encompasses the entire flow, with the mass-loss rate scaling linearly with flux. If the planet's potential is deep the flow is approximately "energy-limited"; however, if the planet's potential is shallow we identify a new limiting mass-loss regime, which we term "photon-limited". In this scenario the mass-loss rate is purely limited by the incoming flux of ionizing photons. We have developed a new numerical approach that takes into account the frequency dependence of the incoming ionizing spectrum and performed a large suite of 1D simulations to characterise UV driven mass-loss around low mass planets. We find the flow is "recombination-limited" at high fluxes but becomes "energy-limited" at low fluxes; however, the transition is broad occurring over several order of magnitude in flux. Finally, we point out the transitions between the different flow types does not occur at a single flux value, but depends on the planet's properties, with higher mass planets becoming "energy-limited" at lower fluxes.

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