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arXiv 2005.10240astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
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V1298 Tau周围四颗年轻行星的X射线辐射和蒸发

X-ray irradiation and evaporation of the four young planets around V1298 Tau

K. Poppenhaeger, L. Ketzer, M. Mallonn

摘要:

年轻恒星周围的行星被认为是由于宿主恒星的高磁场活动而经历大气蒸发。在这里,我们报告的X射线观测的V1298头,一个年轻的恒星与四个过境系外行星。我们利用Chandra和ROSAT对主星的X射线观测,测量了行星当前的高能辐照水平,并采用恒星活动演化和系外行星质量损失模型来估计行星的可能演化。我们发现V1298 Tau的X射线亮度为$\log L_X$ [erg/s] $=30.1$,平均日冕温度为$\approx 9$ MK。这使这颗恒星在这个恒星年龄时处于X射线更明亮的恒星之列。我们估计辐射驱动的质量损失的系外行星,并发现它依赖于敏感的可能的演化自旋的恒星的轨道,以及对当前的行星密度。假设行星由于年轻而密度较低,我们发现最里面的两颗行星可能会失去大部分的气体包层,并且可能会蒸发到岩石核心,这取决于恒星的自旋演化。然而,如果行星更重,并且遵循较老行星的质量-半径关系,那么即使在最高的XUV照射情况下,预计也没有行星会越过半径间隙进入岩石状态,直到系统达到5 Gyr的年龄。

英文摘要:

Planets around young stars are thought to undergo atmospheric evaporation due to the high magnetic activity of the host stars. Here we report on X-ray observations of V1298 Tau, a young star with four transiting exoplanets. We use X-ray observations of the host star with Chandra and ROSAT to measure the current high-energy irradiation level of the planets, and employ a model for the stellar activity evolution together with exoplanetary mass loss to estimate the possible evolution of the planets. We find that V1298 Tau is X-ray bright with $\log L_X$ [erg/s] $=30.1$ and has a mean coronal temperature of $\approx 9$ MK. This places the star amongst the more X-ray luminous ones at this stellar age. We estimate the radiation-driven mass loss of the exoplanets, and find that it depends sensitively on the possible evolutionary spin-down tracks of the star as well as on the current planetary densities. Assuming the planets are of low density due to their youth, we find that the innermost two planets can lose significant parts of their gaseous envelopes, and could be evaporated down to their rocky cores depending on the stellar spin evolution. However, if the planets are heavier and follow the mass-radius relation of older planets, then even in the highest XUV irradiation scenario none of the planets is expected to cross the radius gap into the rocky regime until the system reaches an age of 5 Gyr.

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