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arXiv 1503.06594astro-ph.GA
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大质量恒星形成早期阶段的化学演化II:氘

Chemical evolution in the early phases of massive star formation II: Deuteration

Th. Gerner, Y. Shirley, H. Beuther, D. Semenov, H. Linz, T. Abertsson, Th. Henning

摘要:

高质量恒星形成区的化学演化仍然受到很差的限制。研究氘分子的演化可以区分高质量恒星形成区域的后续阶段,这是由于氘同位素分馏的强烈温度依赖性。我们观测了59个源的样品,包括19个红外暗云,20个大质量原恒星天体,11个热分子核和9个超致密HII区,它们分别位于DCN,DNC,DCO+和N2 D+以及它们的非氘代对应物的(3-2)跃迁中。DCN、DNC和DCO+的总体检出率很高,在大多数阶段超过50%。N2 D+仅在少数红外暗云和高质量原恒星物体中被检测到。这可能与过渡频率处的带通问题以及更进化、更温暖阶段的低丰度有关。我们发现DCN、DNC、DCO+和N2 D+的中值D/H比分别为约0.02、约0.005、约0.0025和约0.02。而DNC,DCO+和N2 D+的D/H比随时间而减小,DCN/HCN在热分子核阶段达到峰值。我们只发现N2 D+的D/H比与中心源的光度和谱线的半高宽有微弱的相关性,而与H2柱密度没有相关性。结合先前观察到的一组14个其他分子(论文I),我们用一个精心设计的1D物理化学模型拟合了计算的柱密度,该模型具有时间依赖性D-化学,包括邻位和对位H2状态。该模型与实测数据总体拟合较好.这是第一次将观测和建模结合起来,推导出基于化学的最佳拟合模型,用于包括氘代在内的大质量恒星形成的演化。

英文摘要:

The chemical evolution in high-mass star-forming regions is still poorly constrained. Studying the evolution of deuterated molecules allows to differentiate between subsequent stages of high-mass star formation regions due to the strong temperature dependence of deuterium isotopic fractionation. We observed a sample of 59 sources including 19 infrared dark clouds, 20 high-mass protostellar objects, 11 hot molecular cores and 9 ultra-compact HII regions in the (3-2) transitions of the four deuterated molecules, DCN, DNC, DCO+ and N2D+ as well as their non-deuterated counterpart. The overall detection fraction of DCN, DNC and DCO+ is high and exceeds 50% for most of the stages. N2D+ was only detected in a few infrared dark clouds and high-mass protostellar objects. It can be related to problems in the bandpass at the frequency of the transition and to low abundances in the more evolved, warmer stages. We find median D/H ratios of ~0.02 for DCN, ~0.005 for DNC, ~0.0025 for DCO+ and ~0.02 for N2D+. While the D/H ratios of DNC, DCO+ and N2D+ decrease with time, DCN/HCN peaks at the hot molecular core stage. We only found weak correlations of the D/H ratios for N2D+ with the luminosity of the central source and the FWHM of the line, and no correlation with the H2 column density. In combination with a previously observed set of 14 other molecules (Paper I) we fitted the calculated column densities with an elaborate 1D physico-chemical model with time-dependent D-chemistry including ortho- and para-H2 states. Good overall fits to the observed data have been obtained the model. It is one of the first times that observations and modeling have been combined to derive chemically based best-fit models for the evolution of high-mass star formation including deuteration.

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