Recent stellar chemical abundance measurements of a handful of $z\sim2$ quiescent galaxies have suggested these galaxies exhibit a remarkably strong $α$-enhancement compared to their local and intermediate redshift counterparts. This apparent chemical evolution following quenching suggests that even the innermost regions of massive early-type galaxies may have experienced substantial mixing of stars in mergers, challenging a purely inside-out growth model. However, larger samples are needed to determine whether a high $α$-enhancement ([Mg/Fe] $\approx 0.5$) is common in $z \sim 2$ quiescent galaxies, and a comparative analysis is needed to determine whether it is consistently inferred using different stellar population synthesis models. We report age and stellar chemical abundance measurements for a sample of four gravitationally lensed quiescent galaxies at $z\sim2.1-2.65$ based on Magellan/FIRE spectroscopy. For three of these galaxies we constrain the $α$-enhancement, and in two cases we measure high values comparable to earlier results when the spectra are analyzed consistently. We also find that the choice of modeling approach can exert a significant effect on the measured abundances. This model dependence can be partly, but not entirely, explained by the complex abundance patterns of $α$ elements in galaxies, which has been observed at lower redshifts and in one $z \sim 2$ quiescent galaxy. Our investigation highlights the importance of independently varying abundance of $α$ elements when fitting the spectra of such galaxies. Observations with JWST will soon deliver precise and spatially resolved abundances of these and other quiescent galaxies at cosmic noon, opening a new window into their evolution.
We present elemental abundances and stellar population ages for 68 massive quiescent galaxies at $0.59\leq z\leq0.75$ from the LEGA-C survey. The abundance patterns and ages, derived from full-spectrum modeling, are examined as a function of stellar mass ($M_*$) and size (i.e., half-light radius; $R_e$). We find that both [Mg/H] and [Fe/H] do not vary with stellar mass but are correlated with $M_*/R_e$ for quiescent galaxies with $M_*>10^{10.5} M_\odot$. Thus, at fixed mass, compact quiescent galaxies are on average more metal rich. This result reinforces the picture that supernova feedback an…
Measuring the chemical composition of galaxies is crucial to our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution models. However, such measurements are extremely challenging for quiescent galaxies at high redshifts, which have faint stellar continua and compact sizes, making it difficult to detect absorption lines and nearly impossible to spatially resolve them. Gravitational lensing offers the opportunity to study these galaxies with detailed spectroscopy that can be spatially resolved. In this work, we analyze deep spectra of MRG-M0138, a lensed quiescent galaxy at z = 1.98 which is the brig…
We report a robust sample of 10 massive quiescent galaxies at redshift, $z > 3$, selected using the first data from the JWST CEERS programme. Three of these galaxies are at $4 < z < 5$, constituting the best evidence to date for quiescent galaxies significantly before $z=4$. These extreme galaxies have stellar masses in the range log$_{10}(M_*/$M$_\odot) = 10.1-11.1$, and formed the bulk of their mass around $z \simeq 10$, with two objects having star-formation histories that suggest they had already reached log$_{10}(M_*/$M$_\odot) > 10$ by $z\gtrsim8$. We report number densities for our samp…
DeepDive: Tracing the early quenching pathways of massive quiescent galaxies at $z>3$ from their star-formation histories and chemical abundances
University of Massachusetts, Amherst（马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校）；Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)（宇宙黎明中心）；DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark（丹麦技术大学空间科学与技术中心）；David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto（多伦多大学戴维·A·邓普尔天文与天体物理系）；Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto（多伦多大学邓普尔天文与天体物理研究所）；Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science（卡内基科学机构天文台）
The JWST EXCELS survey: The ages and abundances of $3<z<5$ massive quiescent galaxies show that downsizing was already in place by $z\simeq4$
SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学天体物理联盟）；Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校天文系）；Armagh Observatory and Planetarium（阿马赫天文馆和天文台）
Light scattering at near-infrared wavelengths has been used to study the optical properties of the interstellar dust grains, but these studies are limited by the assumptions on the strength of the radiation field. On the other hand, thermal dust emission can be used to constrain the properties of the radiation field, although this is hampered by uncertainty about the dust emissivity. We test if current dust models allow us to model a molecular cloud simultaneously in the near infrared (NIR) and far infrared (FIR) wavelengths and compare the results with observations. Our aim is to place constr…
PANORAMIC: The Dawn of Massive Quiescent Galaxies I. Number Density and Cosmic Variance from 1000 arcmin$^2$ NIRCam Imaging
University of Arizona（亚利桑那大学）；NSF–DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory/NSF NOIRLab（美国国家科学基金会-能源部维拉·C·鲁宾天文台/美国国家光学红外天文研究实验室）；University of Geneva（日内瓦大学）；Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）；Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所）；University of Pittsburgh（匹兹堡大学）；University of Massachusetts, Amherst（马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校）；Cosmic DAWN Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所宇宙黎明中心）
Cosmic Vine: High abundance of massive galaxies and dark matter halos in a forming cluster at z=3.44
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)（宇宙黎明中心）；DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark（丹麦技术大学空间研究所）；CEA, IRFU, DAp, AIM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS（法国原子能和替代能源委员会、法国研究与发展创新局、达普实验室、天体物理与成像实验室、巴黎萨克雷大学、巴黎西岱大学、索邦巴黎西岱大学、法国国家科学研究中心）；Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso（天主教瓦莱帕尔索大学物理研究所）；Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Universidad de Valparaíso（瓦尔帕莱索大学物理与天文研究所）；Millennium Nucleus for Galaxies (MINGAL)（星系千年核）；School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University（南京大学天文与空间科学学院）
MAGAZ3NE: Spatially Resolved Ages and Chemical Abundances of Ultra-Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z $\sim$ 3.5 using JWST/NIRSpec IFU
York University（约克大学）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto（多伦多大学邓普勒天文学与天体物理研究所）；University of Massachusetts, Amherst（马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校）；University of California Davis（加州大学戴维斯分校）；University of Wisconsin-Madison（威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校）；Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science（卡内基科学机构天文台）；Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）
A Glimpse of the Stellar Populations and Elemental Abundances of Gravitationally Lensed, Quiescent Galaxies at $z\gtrsim 1$ with Keck Deep Spectroscopy
Clues to inside-out quenching in quiescent galaxies at $1.2\lesssim z\lesssim2.2$: Age, Fe-, and Mg-abundance gradients from JWST-SUSPENSE
Leiden University（莱顿大学）；Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science（卡内基科学研究所天文台）；University of the Pacific（太平洋大学）；University of Pittsburgh（匹兹堡大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie（马克斯·普朗克天体物理学研究所）；Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik（马克斯·普朗克地外物理学研究所）；University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）；Tufts University（塔夫茨大学）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias（加那利群岛天体物理研究所）；Universidad de La Laguna（拉帕尔马大学）；York University（约克大学）
We present a rest-frame UV-optical stacked spectrum representative of massive quiescent galaxies at $1.0<z<1.3$ with log$(M_*/\rm{M_\odot})>10.8$. The stack is constructed using VANDELS survey data, combined with new KMOS observations. We apply two independent full-spectral-fitting approaches, measuring a total metallicity, [Z/H]=$-0.13\pm0.08$ with Bagpipes, and [Z/H]=$0.04\pm0.14$ with Alf, a fall of $\sim0.2-0.3$ dex compared with the local Universe. We also measure an iron abundance, [Fe/H] =$-0.18\pm0.08$, a fall of $\sim0.15$ dex compared with the the local Universe. We measure the alpha…
The Assembly Histories of Quiescent Galaxies Since z=0.7 from Absorption Line Spectroscopy
我们提出了从斯隆数字巡天（SDSS）和AGN和星系演化巡天（AGES）的0.1 < z < 0.7之间的静止星系的大样本的光学光谱建模的结果。我们研究了星系的恒星年龄和丰度模式是如何随时间演化的，作为恒星质量的函数，从10^{9.6}-10 ^<$11.8} Msun。星系光谱被堆叠在质量和红移的箱中，并在4000 A到5500 A的波长范围内建模。全光谱恒星星族合成模型提供了元素Fe、Mg、C、N和Ca的年龄和丰度的估计。我们发现，在固定恒星质量在大约7 Gyr的宇宙时间的元素丰度可以忽略不计的演变。此外，大质量星系的恒星年龄随时间的增加与z = 0.7以来的被动演化一致。总而言之，这些结果支持这样一种情况：大质量静止星系的内部~ 0.3-3 R_e在宇宙时间的后半部分一直被动地演化。有趣的是，在所有的历元中，恒星年龄都比宇宙年龄年轻得多，与z 1的等效单次爆发恒星形成历元< 1.5. These young stellar population ages coupled with the existence of massive quiescent galaxies at z >一致，表明z < 0.7的静止星群的不均匀性。这些数据还允许在z < 0.7时，质量低于~10^{10.5} Msun的新淬灭星系的加入。此外，我们分析了非常深的凯克DEIMOS光谱的两个最…
The abundance of compact quiescent galaxies since z ~ 0.6
我们开始量化中等红移的静止大质量致密星系的数密度。我们使用CFHT赤道SDSS Stripe 82（CS 82）调查（约170平方英尺）基于i波段成像确定结构参数。度），利用约0.6“的精细中值视野。我们选择了红移范围为0.2<z 10的致密大质量（M > 5 × 10^10 M_sun）星系<0.6. The large volume sampled allows to decrease the effect of cosmic variance that has hampered the calculation of the number density for this enigmatic population in many previous studies. We undertake an exhaustive analysis in an effort to untangle the various findings inherent to the diverse definition of compactness present in the literature. We find that the absolute number of compact galaxies is very dependent on the adopted definition…
Double Trouble: Two spectroscopically confirmed low-mass quiescent galaxies at z>5 in overdensities
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所）；Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)（宇宙黎明中心）；DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark（丹麦技术大学DTU空间研究所）；INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿切特里天文台）；Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学天文学研究所）
We devise a physical model of formation and distribution of molecular gas clouds in galaxies. We use the model to predict the intensities of rotational transition lines of carbon monoxide (CO) and the molecular hydrogen (H$_{\rm 2}$) abundance. Using the outputs of Illustris-TNG cosmological simulations, we populate molecular gas clouds of unresolved sizes in individual simulated galaxies, where the effect of the interstellar radiation field with dust attenuation is also taken into account. We then use the publicly available code DESPOTIC to compute the CO line luminosities and H$_{\rm 2}$ den…
Complex organic molecules (COMs) have been detected in a variety of interstellar sources. The abundances of these COMs in warming sources can be explained by syntheses linked to increasing temperatures and densities, allowing quasi-thermal chemical reactions to occur rapidly enough to produce observable amounts of COMs, both in the gas phase, and upon dust grain ice mantles. The COMs produced on grains then become gaseous as the temperature increases sufficiently to allow their thermal desorption. The recent observation of gaseous COMs in cold sources has not been fully explained by these gas-…
We investigate the evolution of the abundance of fluorine in the Milky Way thick and thin discs by means of detailed chemical evolution models compared with recent observational data. The chemical evolution models adopted here have already been shown to fit the observed abundance patterns of CNO and $α$-elements as well as the metallicity distribution functions for the Galactic thick and thin disc stars. We apply them here to the study of the origin and evolution of fluorine, which is still a matter of debate. First, we study the importance of the various sites proposed for the production of f…
Sulphur within the extreme environment of the central molecular zone of NGC 253: a chemical modelling approach
Leiden University（莱顿大学）；University of Bonn（波恩大学）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）；National Radio Astronomy Observatory（美国国家射电天文台）；University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚大学）；Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie（马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所）
Optically quiescent quasars (OQQs) represent a recently systematised class of infrared-luminous active galactic nuclei (AGN) which have galaxy-like optical continua. They may represent an interesting, brief phase in the AGN life cycle, e.g. either cocooned within high-covering-factor media or indicative of recent triggering, though their nature remains unclear. Here, we present the first targeted simultaneous X-ray observations of an OQQ, our previously identified prototype, SDSS J075139.06+402811.2 at $z$=0.587. The source is significantly detected over 0.5-16 keV with XMM-Newton and NuSTAR, …
The spatial distribution of galaxies and their gravitational lensing signal offer complementary tests of galaxy formation physics and cosmology. However, their synergy can only be fully exploited if both probes are modelled accurately and consistently. In this paper, we demonstrate that this can be achieved using an extension of Subhalo Abundance Matching, dubbed SHAMe. Specifically, we use mock catalogues built from the TNG300 hydrodynamical simulation to show that SHAMe can simultaneously model the multipoles of the redshift-space galaxy correlation function and galaxy-galaxy lensing, withou…
We present results on the measured shapes of 832 galaxies in 11 galaxy clusters at 1.0 < z <1.4 from the GOGREEN survey. We measure the axis ratio ($q$), the ratio of the minor to the major axis, of the cluster galaxies from near-infrared Hubble Space Telescope imaging using Sérsic profile fitting and compare them with a field sample. We find that the median $q$ of both star-forming and quiescent galaxies in clusters increases with stellar mass, similar to the field. Comparing the axis ratio distributions between clusters and the field in four mass bins, the distributions for star-forming gala…
Pre-stellar cores represent the initial conditions of star formation. Although these initial conditions in nearby low-mass star-forming regions have been investigated in detail, such initial conditions remain vastly unexplored for massive star-forming regions. We report the detection of a cluster of low-mass starless and pre-stellar core candidates in a massive star protocluster forming cloud, NGC6334S. With the ALMA observations at a $\sim$0.02 pc spatial resolution, we identified 17 low-mass starless core candidates that do not show any evidence of protostellar activity. These candidates pre…
Isocyanic acid (HNCO) is a simple molecule with a potential to form prebiotic and complex organic species. Using a spectral survey collected with the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX), in this work we report the detection of 42 transitions of HNCO in the hot molecular core/outflow G331.512-0.103 (hereafter G331). The spectral lines were observed in the frequency interval $\sim$ 160 - 355 GHz. By means of Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) analyses, applying the rotational diagram method, we studied the excitation conditions of HNCO. The excitation temperature and column density are estim…
A census of quiescent galaxies across $0.5 < z < 8$ with JWST/MIRI: Mass-dependent number density evolution of quiescent galaxies in the early Universe
Nanjing University（南京大学）；Tianjin Normal University（天津师范大学）
