The paper is concerned with the problem whether a nonseparable Banach space must contain an uncountable set of vectors such that the distances between every two distinct vectors of the set are the same. Such sets are called equilateral. We show that Martin's axiom and the negation of the continuum hypothesis imply that every nonseparable Banach space of the form $C(K)$ has an uncountable equilateral set. We also show that one cannot obtain such a result without an additional set-theoretic assumption since we construct an example of nonseparable Banach space of the form $C(K)$ which has no uncountable equilateral set (or equivalently no uncountable $(1+\varepsilon)$-separated set in the unit sphere for any $\varepsilon>0$) making another consistent combinatorial assumption.
The compact $K$ is a version of the split interval obtained from a sequence of functions which behave in an anti-Ramsey manner. It remains open if there is an absolute example of a nonseparable Banach space of the form different than $C(K)$ which has no uncountable equilateral set. It follows from the results of S. Mercourakis, G. Vassiliadis that our example has an equivalent renorming in which it has an uncountable equilateral set. It remains open if there are consistent examples which have no uncountable equilateral sets in any equivalent renorming but it follows from the results of S. Todorcevic that it is consistent that every nonseparable Banach space has an equivalent renorming in which it has an uncountable equilateral set.
We study Hilbert generated versions of nonseparable Banach spaces $\mathcal X$ considered by Shelah, Steprāns and Wark where the behavior of the norm on nonseparable subsets is so irregular that it does not allow any linear bounded operator on $\mathcal X$ other than a diagonal operator (or a scalar multiple of the identity) plus a separable range operator. We address the questions if these spaces admit uncountable equilateral sets and if their unit spheres admit uncountable $(1+)$-separated or $(1+\varepsilon)$-separated sets. We resolve some of the above questions for two types of these spac…
A subset of a Banach space is called equilateral if the distances between any two of its distinct elements are the same. It is proved that there exist non-separable Banach spaces (in fact of density continuum) with no infinite equilateral subset. These examples are strictly convex renormings of $\ell_1([0,1])$. A wider class of renormings of $\ell_1([0,1])$ which admit no uncountable equilateral sets is also considered.
We show that for "most" compact non metrizable spaces, the unit ball of the Banach space C(K) contains an uncountable 2-equilateral set. We also give examples of compact non metrizable spaces K such that the minimum cardinality of a maximal equilateral set in C(K) is countable.
An example of an infinite dimensional and separable Banach space is given, that is not isomorphic to a subspace of l1 with no infinite equilateral sets.
We construct a Banach space $\mathcal X_\varepsilon$ with an uncountable $\varepsilon$-biorthogonal system but no uncountable $τ$-biorthogonal system for $τ<\varepsilon$. In particular the space have no uncountable biorthogonal system. We also construct a Banach space $\mathcal X_K$ with an uncountable $K$-basic sequence but no uncountable $K'$-basic sequence, for $1\leq K'<K$. A common feature of these examples is that they are both constructed by recursive amalgamations using a single construction scheme.
Let $X$ be an infinite dimensional uniformly smooth Banach space. We prove that $X$ contains an infinite equilateral set. That is, there exists a constant $λ>0$ and an infinite sequence $(x_i)_{i=1}^\infty\subset X$ such that $\|x_i-x_j\|=λ$ for all $i\neq j$.
We show that every Banach space $X$ containing an isomorphic copy of $c_0$ has an infinite equilateral set and also that if $X$ has a bounded biorthogonal system of size $α$ then it can be renormed so as to admit an equilateral set of equal size. If $K$ is any compact non metrizable space, then under a certain combinatorial condition on $K$ the Banach space $C(K)$ has an uncountable equilateral set.
We give a criterion ensuring that the elementary class of a modular Banach space E (that is, the class of Banach spaces, some ultrapower of which is linearly isometric to an ultrapower of E) consists of all direct sums E\oplus_m H, where H is an arbitrary Hilbert space and \oplus_m denotes the modular direct sum. Also, we give several families of examples in the class of Nakano direct sums of finite dimensional normed spaces that satisfy this criterion. This yields many new examples of uncountably categorical Banach spaces, in the model theory of Banach space structures.
We construct a nonseparable Banach space $\mathcal X$ (actually, of density continuum) such that any uncountable subset $\mathcal Y$ of the unit sphere of $\mathcal X$ contains uncountably many points distant by less than $1$ (in fact, by less then $1-\varepsilon$ for some $\varepsilon>0$). This solves in the negative the central problem of the search for a nonseparable version of Kottman's theorem which so far has produced many deep positive results for special classes of Banach spaces and has related the global properties of the spaces to the distances between points of uncountable subsets o…
We consider topological invariants on compact spaces related to the sizes of discrete subspaces (spread), densities of subspaces, Lindelof degree of subspaces, irredundant families of clopen sets and others and look at the following associations between compact topological spaces and Banach spaces: a compact K induces a Banach space C(K) of real valued continuous functions on K with the supremum norm; a Banach space X induces a compact space - the dual ball with the weak* topology. We inquire on how topological invariants on K and the dual ball are linked to the sizes of biorthogonal systems a…
Given a Boolean algebra $A$, we construct another Boolean algebra $B$ with no uncountable well-ordered chains such that the Banach space of real valued continuous functions $C(K_A)$ embeds isometrically into $C(K_B)$, where $K_A$ and $K_B$ are the Stone spaces of $A$ and $B$ respectively. As a consequence we obtain the following: If there exists an isometrically universal Banach space for the class of Banach spaces of a given uncountable density $κ$, then there is another such space which is induced by a Boolean algebra which is not universal for Boolean algebras of cardinality $κ$. Such a phe…
Mathematical Institute, University of Wrocław（弗罗茨瓦夫大学数学研究所）；Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw（华沙大学数学、信息学和力学学院）；Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences（波兰科学院数学研究所）
The condensation rank associates any topological space with a unique ordinal number. In this paper we prove that the condensation rank of any infinite dimensional injective Banach space is equal to or greater than the first uncountable ordinal number.
This thesis addresses Pour-El and Richards' fourth question from their book "Computability in analysis and physics", concerning the relation between higher order recursion theory and computability in analysis. Among other things it is shown that there is a computability structure that is uncountable. The example given is a structure on the Banach space of bounded linear operators on the set of almost periodic functions.
We introduce and investigate a class of non-separable tree-like Banach spaces. As a consequence, we prove that we can not achieve a satisfactory extension of Rosenthal's $\ell_1$-theorem to spaces of the type $\ell_1(κ)$, for $κ$ an uncountable cardinal.
We consider uncountable almost disjoint families of subsets of $\mathbb N$, the Johnson-Lindenstrauss Banach spaces $(\mathcal X_{\mathcal A}, \|\ \|_\infty)$ induced by them, and their natural equivalent renormings $(\mathcal X_{\mathcal A}, \|\ \|_{\infty, 2})$. We introduce a partial order $\mathbb P_{\mathcal A}$ and characterize some geometric properties of the spheres of $(\mathcal X_{\mathcal A}, \|\ \|_{\infty})$ and of $(\mathcal X_{\mathcal A}, \|\ \|_{\infty, 2})$ in terms of combinatorial properties of $\mathbb P_{\mathcal A}$. Exploiting the extreme behavior of some known and some…
We investigate the problem of classifying the Banach spaces $\mathrm{Lip}_0(C(K))$ for Hausdorff compacta $K$. In particular, sufficient conditions are established for a space $\mathrm{Lip}_0(C(K))$ to be isomorphic to $\mathrm{Lip}_0(c_0(\varGamma))$ for some uncountable set $\varGamma$.
In the first part of our note we prove that every Weakly Lindelöf Determined (WLD) (in particular, every reflexive) non-separable Banach $X$ space contains two dense linear subspaces $Y$ and $Z$ that are not densely isomorphic. This means that there are no further dense linear subspaces $Y_0$ and $Z_0$ of $Y$ and $Z$ which are linearly isomorphic. Our main result (Theorem B) concerns the existence of biorthogonal systems in normed spaces. In particular, we prove under the Continuum Hypothesis (CH) that there exists a dense linear subspace of $\ell_2(ω_1)$ (or more generally every WLD space of …
We classify the closed ideals of bounded operators acting on the Banach spaces $\left(\bigoplus_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \ell_2^n\right)_{c_0} \oplus c_0(Γ)$ and $\left(\bigoplus_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \ell_2^n\right)_{\ell_1} \oplus \ell_1(Γ)$ for every uncountable cardinal $Γ$.
We consider the closed subspace of $\ell_\infty$ generated by $c_0$ and the characteristic functions of elements of an uncountable, almost disjoint family $\mathcal A$ of infinite subsets of $\mathbb N$. This Banach space has the form $C_0(K_{\mathcal A})$ for a locally compact Hausdorff space $K_{\mathcal A}$ that is known under many names, such as $Ψ$-space and Isbell--Mrówka space. We construct an uncountable, almost disjoint family ${\mathcal A}$ such that the Banach algebra of all bounded linear operators on $C_0(K_{\mathcal A})$ is as small as possible in the sense that every bounded lin…
We show that a complemented subspace of a locally convex direct sum of an uncountable collection of Banach spaces is a locally convex direct sum of complemented subspaces of countable subsums. As a corollary we prove that a complemented subspace of a locally convex direct sum of arbitrary collection of $\ell_{1}(Γ)$-spaces is isomorphic to a locally convex direct sum of $\ell_{1}(Γ)$-spaces.
A Banach space $E$ is said to be injective if for every Banach space $X$ and every subspace $Y$ of $X$ every operator $t:Y\to E$ has an extension $T:X\to E$. We say that $E$ is $\aleph$-injective (respectively, universally $\aleph$-injective) if the preceding condition holds for Banach spaces $X$ (respectively $Y$) with density less than a given uncountable cardinal $\aleph$. We perform a study of $\aleph$-injective and universally $\aleph$-injective Banach spaces which extends the basic case where $\aleph=\aleph_1$ is the first uncountable cardinal. When dealing with the corresponding "isomet…
For k being the first uncountable cardinal w_1 or k being the cardinality of the continuum c, we prove that it is consistent that there is no Banach space of density k in which it is possible to isomorphically embed every Banach space of the same density which has a uniformly Gâteaux differentiable renorming or, equivalently, whose dual unit ball with the weak* topology is a subspace of a Hilbert space (a uniform Eberlein compact space). This complements a consequence of results of M. Bell and of M. Fabian, G. Godefroy, V. Zizler that assuming the continuum hypothesis, there is a universal spa…
We show that if the Banach-Mazur distance between an n-dimensional normed space X and ell infinity is at most 3/2, then there exist n+1 equidistant points in X. By a well-known result of Alon and Milman, this implies that an arbitrary n-dimensional normed space admits at least e^{c sqrt(log n)} equidistant points, where c>0 is an absolute constant. We also show that there exist n equidistant points in spaces sufficiently close to n-dimensional ell p (1 < p < infinity).
It is shown that every normalized weakly null sequence of length $κ_λ$ in a Banach space has a subsequence of length $λ$ which is an unconditional basic sequence; here $κ_λ$ is a large cardinal depending on a given infinite cardinal $λ$. Transfinite topological games on Banach spaces are analyzed which determine the existence of a long unconditional basic sequence. Then 'asymptotic disentanglement' condition in a transfinite setting is studied which ensures a winning strategy for the unconditional basic sequence builder in the above game. The following problem is investigated: When does a Mark…
The paper elucidates the relationship between the density of a Banach space and possible sizes of well-separated subsets of its unit sphere. For example, it is proved that for a large enough space $X$, the unit sphere $S_X$ always contains an uncountable $(1+)$-separated subset. In order to achieve this, new results concerning the existence of large Auerbach systems are established that happen to be sharp for the class of WLD spaces. In fact, we offer the first consistent example of a non-separable WLD Banach space that contains no uncountable Auerbach system, as witnessed by a renorming of $c…
A subset of a normed space $X$ is called equilateral if the distance between any two points is the same. Let $m(X)$ be the smallest possible size of an equilateral subset of $X$ maximal with respect to inclusion. We first observe that Petty's construction of a $d$-dimensional $X$ of any finite dimension $d\geq 4$ with $m(X)=4$ can be generalised to give $m(X\oplus_1\mathbb{R})=4$ for any $X$ of dimension at least 2 which has a smooth point on its unit sphere. By a construction involving Hadamard matrices we then show that for any set $Γ$, $m(\ell_p(Γ))$ is finite and bounded above by a functio…
We show that for each natural $n>1$ it is consistent that there is a compact Hausdorff space $K_{2n}$ such that in $C(K_{2n})$ there is no uncountable (semi)biorthogonal sequence $(f_ξ,μ_ξ)_{ξ\in ω_1}$ where $μ_ξ$'s are atomic measures with supports consisting of at most $2n-1$ points of $K_{2n}$, but there are biorthogonal systems $(f_ξ,μ_ξ)_{ξ\in ω_1}$ where $μ_ξ$'s are atomic measures with supports consisting of $2n$ points. This complements a result of Todorcevic that it is consistent that each nonseparable Banach space $C(K)$ has an uncountable biorthogonal system where the functionals ar…
We consider the compact spaces sigma_n(I) of subsets of an uncountable set I of cardinality at most n and their countable products. We give a complete classification of their Banach spaces of continuous functions and a partial topological classification.
It is known that a Banach space contains an isomorphic copy of $c_0$ if, and only if, it can be equivalently renormed to be almost square. We introduce and study transfinite versions of almost square Banach spaces with the purpose to relate them to the containment of isomorphic copies of $c_0(κ)$, where $κ$ is some uncountable cardinal. We also provide several examples and stability results of the above properties by taking direct sums, tensor products and ultraproducts. By connecting the above properties with transfinite analogues of the strong diameter two property and octahedral norms, we o…
We survey elementary results in Minkowski spaces (i.e. finite dimensional Banach spaces) that deserve to be collected together, and give simple proofs for some of them. We place special emphasis on planar results. Many of these results have often been rediscovered as lemmas to other results. In Part I we cover the following topics: The triangle inequality and consequences such as the monotonicity lemma, geometric characterizations of strict convexity, normality (Birkhoff orthogonality), conjugate diameters and Radon curves, equilateral triangles and the affine regular hexagon construction, equ…
Let $X$ be a Banach space. We study the circumstances under which there exists an uncountable set $\mathcal A\subset X$ of unit vectors such that $\|x-y\|>1$ for distinct $x,y\in \mathcal A$. We prove that such a set exists if $X$ is quasi-reflexive and non-separable; if $X$ is additionally super-reflexive then one can have $\|x-y\|\geqslant 1+\varepsilon$ for some $\varepsilon>0$ that depends only on $X$. If $K$ is a non-metrisable compact, Hausdorff space, then the unit sphere of $X=C(K)$ also contains such a subset; if moreover $K$ is perfectly normal, then one can find such a set with card…
We study biorthogonal sequences with special properties, such as weak or weak-star convergence to 0, and obtain an extension of the Josefson-Nissenzweig theorem. This result is applied to embed analytic disks in the fiber over 0 of the spectrum of H^infinity (B), the algebra of bounded analytic functions on the unit ball B of an arbitrary infinite dimensional Banach space. Various other embedding theorems are obtained. For instance, if the Banach space is superreflexive, then the unit ball of a Hilbert space of uncountable dimension can be embedded analytically in the fiber over 0 via an embed…
Relatively recently it was proved that if $Γ$ is an arbitrary set, then any equivalent norm on $c_0(Γ)$ can be approximated uniformly on bounded sets by polyhedral norms and $C^\infty$ smooth norms, with arbitrary precision. We extend this result to more classes of spaces having uncountable symmetric bases, such as preduals of the `discrete' Lorentz spaces $d(w,1,Γ)$, and certain symmetric Nakano spaces and Orlicz spaces. We also show that, given an arbitrary ordinal number $α$, there exists a scattered compact space $K$ having Cantor-Bendixson height at least $α$, such that every equivalent n…
The aim of this note is to present two results that make the task of finding equivalent polyhedral norms on certain Banach spaces, having either a Schauder basis or an uncountable unconditional basis, easier and more transparent. The hypotheses of both results are based on decomposing the unit sphere of a Banach space into countably many pieces, such that each one satisfies certain properties. Some examples of spaces having equivalent polyhedral norms are given.
The paper concerns the problem whether a nonseparable $\C(K)$ space must contain a set of unit vectors whose cardinality equals to the density of $\C(K)$ such that the distances between every two distinct vectors are always greater than one. We prove that this is the case if the density is at most continuum and we prove that for several classes of $\C(K)$ spaces (of arbitrary density) it is even possible to find such a set which is $2$-equilateral; that is, the distance between every two distinct vectors is exactly 2.
For a fixed $K\gg 1$ and $n\in\mathbb{N}$, $n\gg 1$, we study metric spaces which admit embeddings with distortion $\le K$ into each $n$-dimensional Banach space. Classical examples include spaces embeddable into $\log n$-dimensional Euclidean spaces, and equilateral spaces. We prove that good embeddability properties are preserved under the operation of metric composition of metric spaces. In particular, we prove that any $n$-point ultrametric can be embedded with uniformly bounded distortion into any Banach space of dimension $\log n$. The main result of the paper is a new example of a famil…
We strengthen the property $Δ$ of a function $f:[ω_2]^2\rightarrow [ω_2]^{\leq ω}$ considered by Baumgartner and Shelah. This allows us to consider new types of amalgamations in the forcing used by Rabus, Juhász and Soukup to construct thin-very tall compact scattered spaces. We consistently obtain spaces $K$ as above where $K^n$ is hereditarily separable for each $n\in\N$. This serves as a counterexample concerning cardinal functions on compact spaces as well as having some applications in Banach spaces: the Banach space $C(K)$ is an Asplund space of density $\aleph_2$ which has no Fréchet sm…
It is shown that every continuous homomorphism of Arens-Michael algebras can be obtained as the limit of a morphism of certain projective systems consisting of Fréchet algebras. Based on this we prove that a complemented subalgebra of an uncountable product of Fréchet algebras is topologically isomorphic to the product of Fréchet algebras. These results are used to characterize injective objects of the category of locally convex topological vector spaces. Dually, it is shown that a complemented subspace of an uncountable direct sum of Banach spaces is topologically isomorphic to the direct sum…
Let $X$ and $Y$ be Banach spaces such that the ideal of operators which factor through $Y$ has codimension one in the Banach algebra $\mathscr{B}(X)$ of all bounded operators on $X$, and suppose that $Y$ contains a complemented subspace which is isomorphic to $Y\oplus Y$ and that $X$ is isomorphic to $X\oplus Z$ for every complemented subspace $Z$ of $Y$. Then the $K_0$-group of $\mathscr{B}(X)$ is isomorphic to the additive group $\mathbb{Z}$ of integers. A number of Banach spaces which satisfy the above conditions are identified. Notably, it follows that $K_0(\mathscr{B}(C([0,ω_1])))\cong\ma…
We make some remarks on the global shape of continuous convex functions defined on a Banach space $Z$. Among other results we prove that if $Z$ is separable then for every continuous convex function $f:Z\to\mathbb{R}$ there exist a unique closed linear subspace $Y_f$ of $Z$ such that, for the quotient space $X_f :=Z/Y_{f}$ and the natural projection $π:Z\to X_f$, the function $f$ can be written in the form $$ f(z)=φ(π(z)) +\ell(z) \textrm{ for all } z\in Z, $$ where $\ell_{f}\in X^{*}$ and $φ:X_f\to\mathbb{R}$ is a convex function such that $\lim_{t\to\infty}φ(x+tv)=\infty$ for every $x, v\in …
A result of G. Godefroy asserts that a Banach space $X$ contains an isomorphic copy of $\ell_1$ if and only if there is an equivalent norm $|||\cdot|||$ such that, for every finite-dimensional subspace $Y$ of $X$ and every $\varepsilon>0$, there exists $x\in S_X$ so that $|||y+r x|||\geq (1-\varepsilon)(|||y|||+\vert r\vert)$ for every $y\in Y$ and every $r\in\mathbb R$. In this paper we generalize this result to larger cardinals, showing that if $κ$ is an uncountable cardinal then a Banach space $X$ contains a copy of $\ell_1(κ)$ if and only if there is an equivalent norm $|||\cdot|||$ on $X$…
Given a Banach space $X$, a $w^*$-compact subset of $X^*$, and $1<p<\infty$, we provide an optimal relationship between the Szlenk index of $K$ and the Szlenk index of an associated subset of $L_p(X)^*$. As an application, given a Banach space $X$, we prove an optimal estimate of the Szlenk index of $L_p(X)$ in terms of the Szlenk index of $X$. This extends a result of Hájek and Schlumprecht to uncountable ordinals. More generally, given an operator $A:X\to Y$, we provide an estimate of the Szlenk index of the "pointwise $A$" operator $A_p:L_p(X)\to L_p(Y)$ in terms of the Szlenk index of $A$.
We begin by giving a detailed exposition of the original Bourgain-Delbaen construction and the generalised construction due to Argyros and Haydon. We show how these two constructions are related, and as a corollary, are able to prove that there exists some $δ> 0$ and an uncountable set of isometries on the original Bourgain-Delbaen spaces which are pairwise distance $δ$ apart. We subsequently extend these ideas to obtain our main results. We construct new Banach spaces of Bourgain-Delbaen type, all of which have $\ell_1$ dual. The first class of spaces are HI and possess few, but not very few …
Denote by $[0,ω_1)$ the set of countable ordinals, equipped with the order topology, let $L_0$ be the disjoint union of the compact ordinal intervals $[0,α]$ for $α$ countable, and consider the Banach spaces $C_0[0,ω_1)$ and $C_0(L_0)$ consisting of all scalar-valued, continuous functions which are defined on the locally compact Hausdorff spaces $[0,ω_1)$ and $L_0$, respectively, and which vanish eventually. Our main result states that a bounded operator $T$ between any pair of these two Banach spaces fixes a copy of $C_0(L_0)$ if and only if the identity operator on $C_0(L_0)$ factors through…
The Banach space $\ell_1(\Z)$ admits many non-isomorphic preduals, for example, $C(K)$ for any compact countable space $K$, along with many more exotic Banach spaces. In this paper, we impose an extra condition: the predual must make the bilateral shift on $\ell_1(\Z)$ weak$^*$-continuous. This is equivalent to making the natural convolution multiplication on $\ell_1(\Z)$ separately weak*-continuous and so turning $\ell_1(\Z)$ into a dual Banach algebra. We call such preduals \emph{shift-invariant}. It is known that the only shift-invariant predual arising from the standard duality between $C_…
For a Banach space $X$ with a shrinking Schauder frame $(x_i,f_i)$ we provide an explicit method for constructing a shrinking associated basis. In the case that the minimal associated basis is not shrinking, we prove that every shrinking associated basis of $(x_i,f_i)$ dominates an uncountable family of incomparable shrinking associated bases of $(x_i,f_i)$. By adapting a construction of Pełczy{ń}ski, we characterize spaces with shrinking Schauder frames as spaces having the $w^*$-bounded approximation property.
We construct various examples of non-trivial closed ideals of the compact-by-approximable algebra $\mathfrak{A}_X =:\mathcal K(X)/\mathcal A(X)$ on Banach spaces $X$ failing the approximation property. The examples include the following: (i) if $X$ has cotype $2$, $Y$ has type $2$, $\mathfrak{A}_X \neq \{0\}$ and $\mathfrak{A}_Y \neq \{0\}$, then $\mathfrak{A}_{X \oplus Y}$ has at least $2$ closed ideals, (ii) there are closed subspaces $X \subset \ell^p$ for $4 < p < \infty$ and $X \subset c_0$ such that $\mathfrak{A}_X$ contains a non-trivial closed ideal, (iii) there is a Banach space $Z$ s…
