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arXiv 1503.06082physics.plasm-ph
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托卡马克等离子体中逃逸电子雪崩的动力学模拟

Kinetic modelling of runaway electron avalanches in tokamak plasmas

E. Nilsson, J. Decker, Y. Peysson, R. S. Granetz, F. Saint-Laurent, M. Vlainic

摘要:

当环形电场的加速力超过库仑碰撞产生的碰撞拖曳力时,托卡马克等离子体中会产生逃逸电子(RE)。在国际热核实验堆中,预计破坏主要通过撞击碰撞产生RE,其中足够的动量可以从现有的逃逸物转移到减慢电子以将后者运输到临界动量以上,从而引发RE雪崩。由于撞击逃逸物通常以相对于局部磁场方向的动量的显著垂直分量散射,因此这些粒子具有高度磁化。因此,动量动力学需要一个完整的3-D动力学描述,因为这些电子是高度敏感的磁不均匀性的环形配置。导出了一个反弹平均的撞击源项。本文用LUKE程序求解三维线性化的相对论性电子Fokker-Planck方程,通过计算电子分布函数对恒定平行电场的响应,研究了Dreicer机制和碰撞碰撞过程联合作用下稀土离子的产生.这项工作表明,即使在非破坏性的情况下,雪崩效应也很重要。稀土形成通过撞击碰撞被发现强烈减少时发生的磁轴,因为被困的电子不能有助于稀土人口。雪崩机制的相对重要性作为RE形成的关键参数的函数进行了研究;等离子体温度和电场强度。与理论预测一致,模拟结果表明,在低温和电场中,撞击是RE的主要来源,并且可以在RE生成中发挥重要作用,包括在非破坏性场景中。

英文摘要:

Runaway electrons (REs) can be generated in tokamak plasmas if the accelerating force from the toroidal electric field exceeds the collisional drag force due to Coulomb collisions with the background plasma. In ITER, disruptions are expected to generate REs mainly through knock-on collisions, where enough momentum can be transferred from existing runaways to slow electrons to transport the latter beyond a critical momentum, setting off an avalanche of REs. Since knock-on runaways are usually scattered off with a significant perpendicular component of the momentum with respect to the local magnetic field direction, these particles are highly magnetized. Consequently, the momentum dynamics require a full 3-D kinetic description, since these electrons are highly sensitive to the magnetic non-uniformity of a toroidal configuration. A bounce-averaged knock-on source term is derived. The generation of REs from the combined effect of Dreicer mechanism and knock-on collision process is studied with the code LUKE, a solver of the 3-D linearized bounce-averaged relativistic electron Fokker-Planck equation, through the calculation of the response of the electron distribution function to a constant parallel electric field. This work shows that the avalanche effect can be important even in non-disruptive scenarios. RE formation through knock-on collisions is found to be strongly reduced when taking place off the magnetic axis, since trapped electrons cannot contribute to the RE population. The relative importance of the avalanche mechanism is investigated as a function of the key parameters for RE formation; the plasma temperature and the electric field strength. In agreement with theoretical predictions, the simulations show that in low temperature and E-field knock-on collisions are the dominant source of REs and can play a significant role for RE generation, including in non-disruptive scenarios.

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