The non-integrable mass is studied explicitly in this paper. We study Einstein-scalar gravities with weakened boundary conditions, and calculate the mass with the Hamiltonian formula and Wald's formula respectively. We find the masses calculated by these two formulas are non-integrable. One way to solve this non-integrability problem is to impose boundary conditions; however, we find the mass calculated in this way has many other problems. This implies the macroscopic thermodynamic properties of the scalar hairy black holes should be described by one more charge beside the mass, which we call a scalar charge. In fact, the non-integrability of mass will always arise when the matter fields have charges which is not associate to any diffeomorphisms of spacetime. We find the mass becomes non-integrable just because Wald's formula is used in a wrong way. Based on Wald's formula and the existence of the scalar charge, we propose a new definition for mass, with the modification that we require the variation of the Hamiltonian to have no contribution from the variation of the other charges. This new definition is also valid for much more general gravities coupled to matter fields with other charges.
A class of explicitly integrable models of 1+1 dimensional dilaton gravity coupled to scalar fields is described in some detail. The equations of motion of these models reduce to systems of the Liouville equations endowed with energy and momentum constraints. The general solution of the equations and constraints in terms of chiral moduli fields is explicitly constructed and some extensions of the basic integrable model are briefly discussed. These models may be related to high dimensional supergravity theories but here they are mostly considered independently of such interpretations. A brief r…
Integrable $σ$-models, such as the principal chiral model, ${\mathbb{Z}}_T$-coset models for $T \in {\mathbb{Z}}_{\geq 2}$ and their various integrable deformations, are examples of non-ultralocal integrable field theories described by (cyclotomic) $r/s$-systems with twist function. In this general setting, and when the Lie algebra ${\mathfrak{g}}$ underlying the $r/s$-system is of classical type, we construct an infinite algebra of local conserved charges in involution, extending the approach of Evans, Hassan, MacKay and Mountain developed for the principal chiral model and symmetric space $σ…
Integrable models of 1+1 dimensional gravity coupled to scalar and vector fields are briefly reviewed. A new class of integrable models with nonminimal coupling to scalar fields is constructed and discussed.
A D3-D5 intersection gives rise to a defect CFT, wherein the rank of the gauge group jumps by k units across a domain wall. The one-point functions of local operators in this set-up map to overlaps between on-shell Bethe states in the underlying spin chain and a boundary state representing the D5 brane. Focussing on the k=1 case, we extend the construction to gluonic and fermionic sectors, which was prohibitively difficult to achieve for k>1. As a byproduct, we test an all-loop proposal for the one-point functions in the su(2) sector at the half-wrapping order of perturbation theory.
We study the ground state energy of integrable $1+1$ quantum field theories with boundaries (the genuine Casimir effect). In the scalar case, this is done by introducing a new, ``R-channel TBA'', where the boundary is represented by a boundary state, and the thermodynamics involves evaluating scalar products of boundary states with all the states of the theory. In the non-scalar, sine-Gordon case, this is done by generalizing the method of Destri and De Vega. The two approaches are compared. Miscellaneous other results are obtained, in particular formulas for the overall normalization and scal…
Demystifying integrable QFTs in AdS: No-go theorems for higher-spin charges
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY（德国电子同步加速器）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）；Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Torino Section, and Department of Physics, University of Turin（意大利国家核物理研究所都灵分部，都灵大学物理系）；Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité（巴黎高等师范学院物理实验室，巴黎文理研究大学，法国国家科学研究中心，索邦大学，巴黎西岱大学）
We compute the two-loop anomalous dimension matrix in the scalar sector of planar ${\cal N}=3$ flavored ABJM theory. Using coordinate Bethe ansatz, we obtain the reflection matrix and confirm that the boundary Yang-Baxter equations are satisfied. This establishes the integrability of this theory in the scalar sector at the two-loop order.
We study deformations of 2D Integrable Quantum Field Theories (IQFT) which preserve integrability (the existence of infinitely many local integrals of motion). The IQFT are understood as "effective field theories", with finite ultraviolet cutoff. We show that for any such IQFT there are infinitely many integrable deformations generated by scalar local fields $X_s$, which are in one-to-one correspondence with the local integrals of motion; moreover, the scalars $X_s$ are built from the components of the associated conserved currents in a universal way. The first of these scalars, $X_1$, coincid…
We study SU(3)-invariant integrable models solvable by nested algebraic Bethe ansatz. We obtain a determinant representation for particular case of scalar products of Bethe vectors. This representation can be used for the calculation of form factors and correlation functions of XXX SU(3)-invariant Heisenberg chain.
We study SU(3)-invariant integrable models solvable by nested algebraic Bethe ansatz. Scalar products of Bethe vectors in such models can be expressed in terms of a bilinear combination of their highest coefficients. We obtain various different representations for the highest coefficient in terms of sums over partitions. We also obtain multiple integral representations for the highest coefficient.
In this letter, we study systematically the general properties of the $B$-extension of any integrable model. In addition to discussing the general properties of Hamiltonians, Hamiltonian structures etc, we also clarify the origin of "exotic" charges in such models. We show that, in such models, there exist at least two sets of non-local conserved charges (and more if $N>1$ supersymmetry is present) and that the "exotic" charges are part of this non-local charge hierarchy. The construction of these non-local charges from the Lax operator is explained.
Local commuting charges in sigma-models with classical Lie groups as target manifolds are shown to be related to the conserved quantities appearing in the Drinfeld-Sokolov (generalized mKdV) hierarchies. Conversely, the Drinfeld-Sokolov construction can be used to deduce the existence of commuting charges in these and in wider classes of sigma-models, including those whose target manifolds are exceptional groups or symmetric spaces. This establishes a direct link between commuting quantities in integrable sigma-models and in affine Toda field theories.
A systematic construction for an action describing a class of supersymmetric integrable models as well as for pure fermionic theories is discussed in terms of the gauged WZNW model associated to twisted affine Kac-Moody algebras. Explicit examples of the $N=1,2$ super sinh(sine)-Gordon models are discussed in detail. Pure fermionic theories arises for cosets $sl(p,1)/sl(p)\otimes u(1)$ when a maximal kernel condition is fulfilled. The integrability condition for such models is discussed and it is shown that the simplest example when $p=2$ leads to the constrained Bukhvostov-Lipatov, Thirring, …
We calculate the scalar product of Bethe states of the XXZ spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ chain with general integrable boundary conditions. The off-shell equations satisfied by the transfer matrix and the off-shell Bethe vectors allow one to derive a linear system for the scalar product of off-shell and on-shell Bethe states. We show that this linear system can be solved in terms of a compact determinant formula that involves the Jacobian of the transfer matrix eigenvalue and certain q-Pochhammer polynomials of the boundary couplings.
In integrable field theories the S-matrix is usually a product of a relatively simple matrix and a complicated scalar factor. We make an observation that in many relativistic integrable field theories the scalar factor can be expressed as a convolution of simple kernels appearing in the nested levels of the nested Bethe ansatz. We formulate a proposal, up to some discrete ambiguities, how to reconstruct the scalar factor from the nested Bethe equations and check it for several relativistic integrable field theories. We then apply this proposal to the AdS asymptotic Bethe ansatz and recover the…
We consider a theory of scalar superfields in two dimensions with arbitrary superpotential. By imposing no particle production in tree level scattering, we constrain the form of the admissible interactions, recovering a supersymmetric extension of the sinh-Gordon model.
We show that several integrable (i.e., exactly solvable) scalar cosmologies considered by Fré, Sagnotti and Sorin (Nuclear Physics \textbf{B 877}(3) (2013), 1028--1106) can be generalized to include cases where the spatial curvature is not zero and, besides a scalar field, matter or radiation are present with an equation of state $p^{(m)} = w\, ρ^{(m)}$; depending on the specific form of the self-interaction potential for the field, the constant $w$ can be arbitrary or must be fixed suitably.
We present a new realization of scalar integrable hierarchies in terms of the Toda lattice hierarchy. In other words, we show on a large number of examples that an integrable hierarchy, defined by a pseudodifferential Lax operator, can be embedded in the Toda lattice hierarchy. Such a realization in terms the Toda lattice hierarchy seems to be as general as the Drinfeld--Sokolov realization.
We attempt a direct derivation of a conformal field theory description of 2D quantum gravity~+~matter from the formalism of integrable hierarchies subjected to Virasoro constraints. The construction is based on a generalization of the Kontsevich parametrization of the KP times by introducing Miwa parameters into it. The resulting Kontsevich--Miwa transform can be applied to the Virasoro constraints provided the Miwa parameters are related to the background charge $Q$ of the Virasoro generators on the hierarchy. We then recover the field content of the David-Distler-Kawai formalism, with the ma…
We address the question of perturbative consistency in the scalar fishnet models presented by Caetano, Gurdogan and Kazakov\cite{Gurdogan:2015csr, Caetano:2016ydc}. We argue that their 3-dimensional $ϕ^{6}$ fishnet model becomes perturbatively stable under renormalization in the large $N$ limit, in contrast to what happens in their 4-dimensional $ϕ^{4}$ fishnet model, in which double trace terms are known to be generated by the RG flow. We point out that there is a direct way to modify this second theory that protects it from such corrections. Additionally, we observe that the 6-dimensional $ϕ…
We consider the Yang-Mills instanton equations on the four-dimensional manifold S^2xSigma, where Sigma is a compact Riemann surface of genus g>1 or its covering space H^2=SU(1,1)/U(1). Introducing a natural ansatz for the gauge potential, we reduce the instanton equations on S^2xSigma to vortex-type equations on the sphere S^2. It is shown that when the scalar curvature of the manifold S^2xSigma vanishes, the vortex-type equations are integrable, i.e. can be obtained as compatibility conditions of two linear equations (Lax pair) which are written down explicitly. Thus, the standard methods of …
Relativistic integrable field theories like the sine-Gordon equation have an infinite set of conserved charges. In a light-front formalism these conserved charges are closely related to the integrable modified KdV hierarchy at the classical level. The latter hierarchy admits a family of symplectic structures which we argue can be viewed as deformations of the relativistic sine-Gordon symplectic structure. These deformed theories are integrable but no longer relativistic and the basic excitations of the theory, the solitons, have an interesting non-relativistic dispersion relation that in a cer…
We revisit the problem of extending the phase space of diffeomorphism-invariant theories to account for embeddings associated with the boundary of sub-regions. We do so by emphasizing the importance of a careful treatment of embeddings in all aspects of the covariant phase space formalism. In so doing we introduce a new notion of the extension of field space associated with the embeddings which has the important feature that the Noether charges associated with all extended corner symmetries are in fact integrable, but not necessarily conserved. We give an intuitive understanding of this descri…
The representation of the Bethe wave functions of certain integrable models via the Schur functions allows to apply the well-developed theory of the symmetric functions to the calculation of the thermal correlation functions. The algebraic relations arising in the calculation of the scalar products and the correlation functions are based on the Binet-Cauchy formula for the Schur functions. We provide a combinatorial interpretation of the formula for the scalar products of the Bethe state-vectors in terms of nests of the self-avoiding lattice paths constituting the so-called watermelon configur…
We study the two-dimensional supersymmetric Toda theory based on the Lie superalgebra $B(1,1) \equiv Osp(3|2)$ and construct its quantum W-currents. We also investigate the fermionic affinization of this model: we show that despite the non-unitary form of the Lagrangian the $B^{(1)}(1,1)$ theory has a real particle mass spectrum which is not renormalized at one-loop. We construct the first higher--spin conserved current, prove its conservation to all-loop order, compute one-loop corrections to the corresponding charge and check consistency between charge and mass renormalization.
We compute scalar products and norms of Bethe vectors in the massless sector of AdS_3 integrable superstring theories, by exploiting the general difference form of the S-matrix of massless excitations in the pure Ramond-Ramond case, and the difference form valid only in the BMN limit in the mixed-flux case. We obtain determinant-like formulas for the scalar products, generalising a procedure developed in previous literature for standard R-matrices to the present non-conventional situation. We verify our expressions against explicit calculations using Bethe vectors for chains of small length, a…
We study dynamics of scalar fields on a large class of geometries described by integrable sigma models. Although equations of motion are not separable due to absence of isometries and Killing tensors, we completely determine the spectra using algebraic and group-theoretic methods.
We consider a special double scaling limit, recently introduced by two of the authors, combining weak coupling and large imaginary twist, for the $γ$-twisted $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM theory. We also establish the analogous limit for ABJM theory. The resulting non-gauge chiral 4D and 3D theories of interacting scalars and fermions are integrable in the planar limit. In spite of the breakdown of conformality by double-trace interactions, most of the correlators for local operators of these theories are conformal, with non-trivial anomalous dimensions defined by specific, integrable Feynman diagrams. …
We demonstrate that the recently found agreement between one-loop scaling dimensions of large dimension operators in N=4 gauge theory and energies of spinning strings on AdS_5 x S^5 extends to the eigenvalues of an infinite number of hidden higher commuting charges. This dynamical agreement is of a mathematically highly intricate and non-trivial nature. In particular, on the gauge side the generating function for the commuting charges is obtained by integrable quantum spin chain techniques from the thermodynamic density distribution function of Bethe roots. On the string side the generating fu…
A class of integrable models of 1+1 dimensional dilaton gravity coupled to scalar and electromagnetic fields is obtained and explicitly solved. More general models are reduced to 0+1 dimensional Hamiltonian systems, for which two integrable classes (called s-integrable) are found and explicitly solved. As a special case, static spherical solutions of the Einstein gravity coupled to electromagnetic and scalar fields in any real space-time dimension are derived. A generalization of the `no-hair' theorem is pointed out and the Hamiltonian formulation that enables quantizing the s-integrable syste…
Global canonical transformations to free chiral fields are constructed for DG models minimally coupled to scalar fields. The boundary terms for such canonical transformations are shown to vanish in asymptotically static coordinates if there is no scalar field.
We propose a $D$-dimensional generalization of $4D$ bi-scalar conformal quantum field theory recently introduced by Gürdogan and one of the authors as a strong-twist double scaling limit of $γ$-deformed $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM theory. Similarly to the $4D$ case, this D-dimensional CFT is also dominated by "fishnet" Feynman graphs and is integrable in the planar limit. The dynamics of these graphs is described by the integrable conformal $SO(D+1,1)$ spin chain. In $2D$ it is the analogue of L. Lipatov's $SL(2,\mathbb{C})$ spin chain for the Regge limit of $QCD$, but with the spins $s=1/4$ instead o…
We study the integrable model with minimally and non-minimally coupled scalar fields and the correspondence of their general solutions. Using the model with a minimally coupled scalar field and a the constant potential as an example we demonstrate the difference between the general solutions of the corresponding models in the Jordan and the Einstein frames.
We analytically construct vortex solutions in the integrable sector of the extended Skyrme-Faddeev model. The solutions are holomorphic type which satisfy the zero curvature condition. For the model parameter $βe^2=1$ there is a lump solution, and for $βe^2 \neq 1$ new potentials are introduced for the several molecular-shaped solutions with half-integer or integer charges. They necessarily have infinite number of conserved currents and some of the examples are shown. By performing an annealing simulation with our potentials, we verify the existence of the solutions of the integrable sector.
We consider the $γ$-deformed $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM in the double scaling limit of large imaginary twists and small coupling, which discards the gauge fields and retains only certain Yukawa and scalar interactions with three arbitrary effective couplings. In the 't~Hooft limit, these 4D theories are integrable, with most of the correlators being conformal such that the whole arsenal of AdS/CFT integrability remains applicable. In particular, for one non-zero effective coupling, we obtain a QFT of two complex scalars with a chiral, quartic interaction. The BMN vacuum anomalous dimension is dominat…
We compute the scalar curvature of 7-dimensional ${G}_2$-manifolds admitting a connection with totally skew-symmetric torsion. We prove the formula for the general solution of the Killing spinor equation and express the Riemannian scalar curvature of the solution in terms of the dilation function and the NS 3-form field. In dimension n=7 the dilation function involved in the second fermionic string equation has an interpretation as a conformal change of the underlying integrable ${G}_2$-structure into a cocalibrated one of pure type $W_3$.
We obtain general solutions for some flat Friedmann universes filled with a scalar field in induced gravity models and models including the Hilbert-Einstein curvature term plus a scalar field conformally coupled to gravity. As is well known, these models are connected to minimally coupled models through the combination of a conformal transformation and a transformation of the scalar field. The explicit forms of the self-interaction potentials for six exactly solvable models are presented here. We obtain the general solution for one of the integrable models, namely, the induced gravity model wi…
In arXiv:1704.05807, it was shown that the planar flavored ABJM theory is integrable in the scalar sector at two-loop order using coordinate Bethe ansatz. A salient feature of this case is that the boundary reflection matrices are anti-diagonal with respect to the chosen basis. In this paper, we relax the coefficients of the boundary terms to be general constants in order to search for integrable systems among this class. We found that at each end of the spin chain, the only integrable boundary interaction, besides the one in arXiv:1704.05807, is the one with vanishing boundary interactions le…
We derive an explicit mapping between the spectra of conserved local operators of integrable quantum lattice models and the density distributions of their thermodynamic particle content. This is presented explicitly for the Heisenberg XXZ spin chain. As an application we discuss a quantum quench scenario, in both the gapped and critical regimes. We outline an exact technique which allows for an efficient implementation on periodic matrix product states. In addition, for certain simple product states we obtain analytic closed-form expressions in terms of solutions to Hirota functional relations…
Recently, Ciambelli, Leigh, and Pai (CLP) [arXiv:2111.13181] have shown that nonzero charges integrating Hamilton's equation can be defined for all diffeomorphisms acting near the boundary of a subregion in a gravitational theory. This is done by extending the phase space to include a set of embedding fields that parameterize the location of the boundary. Because their construction differs from previous works on extended phase spaces by a covariant phase space ambiguity, the question arises as to whether the resulting charges are unambiguously defined. Here, we demonstrate that ambiguity-free …
We present a detailed analysis of the structure of the conservation laws in quantum integrable chains of the XYZ-type and in the Hubbard model. With the use of the boost operator, we establish the general form of the XYZ conserved charges in terms of simple polynomials in spin variables and derive recursion relations for the relative coefficients of these polynomials. For two submodels of the XYZ chain - namely the XXX and XY cases, all the charges can be calculated in closed form. For the XXX case, a simple description of conserved charges is found in terms of a Catalan tree. This constructio…
We build a number of integrable one--scalar spatially flat cosmologies, which play a natural role in inflationary scenarios, examine their behavior in several cases and draw from them some general lessons on this type of systems, whose potentials involve combinations of exponential functions, and on similar non--integrable ones. These include the need for the scalar to emerge from the initial singularity while climbing up sufficiently steep exponential potentials ("climbing phenomenon") and the inevitable collapse in a big Crunch whenever the scalar tries to settle at negative extrema of the p…
The main result of this paper is a formula for the scalar product of semiclassical eigenvectors of two integrable systems on the same symplectic manifold. An important application of this formula is the Ponzano-Regge type of asymptotic of Racah-Wigner coefficients.
A family of systems related to a linear and bilinear evolution of roots of polynomials in the complex plane is considered. Restricted to the line, the evolution induces dynamics of the Coulomb charges in external potentials, while its fixed points correspond to equilibria of charges (or point vortices in hydrodynamics) in the plane. The construction reveals a direct connection with the theories of the Calogero-Moser systems and Lie-algebraic differential operators. A study of the equilibrium configurations amounts in a construction (bilinear hypergeometric equation) for which the classical ort…
It is well known that integrable charges for short-range (e.g. nearest-neighbor) spin chains with periodic boundary conditions can be recursively generated by a so-called boost operator. In the past, this iterative construction has been generalized to periodic long-range spin chains as they appear in the context of the gauge/gravity correspondence. Here we introduce recursion relations for open long-range spin chain charges converting a short-range into a long-range integrable model.
The question whether the integrable one-field cosmologies classified in a previous paper by Fre, Sagnotti and Sorin can be embedded as consistent one-field truncations into Extended Gauged Supergravity or in N=1 supergravity gauged by a superpotential without the use of D-terms is addressed in this paper. The answer is that such an embedding is very difficult and rare but not impossible. Indeed we were able to find two examples of integrable models embedded in Supergravity in this way. Both examples are fitted into N=1 Supergravity by means of a very specific and interesting choice of the supe…
We elaborate on integrable dynamical systems from scalar-gravity Lagrangians that include the leading dilaton tadpole potentials of broken supersymmetry. In the static Dudas-Mourad compactifications from ten to nine dimensions, which rest on these leading potentials, the string coupling and the space-time curvature become unbounded in some regions of the internal space. On the other hand, the string coupling remains bounded in several corresponding solutions of these integrable models. One can thus identify corrected potential shapes that could grant these features generically when supersymmet…
Dimensional reduction of various gravity and supergravity models leads to effectively two-dimensional field theories described by gravity coupled G/H coset space sigma-models. The transition matrices of the associated linear system provide a complete set of conserved charges. Their Poisson algebra is a semi-classical Yangian double modified by a twist which is a remnant of the underlying coset structure. The classical Geroch group is generated by the Lie-Poisson action of these charges. Canonical quantization of the structure leads to a twisted Yangian double with fixed central extension at a …
We determine in a closed form all scalar one-point functions of the defect CFT dual to the D3-D5 probe brane system with k units of flux which amounts to calculating the overlap between a Bethe eigenstate of the integrable SO(6) spin chain and a certain matrix product state of bond dimension k. In particular, we show that the matrix product state is annihilated by all the parity odd charges of the spin chain which has recently been suggested as the criterion for such a state to correspond to an integrable initial state. Finally, we discuss the properties of the analogous matrix product state f…
It has been shown recently that deformations of some integrable field theories in (1+1)-dimensions possess an infinite number of charges that are asymptotically conserved in the scattering of soliton like solutions. Such charges are not conserved in time and they do vary considerably during the scattering process, however they all return in the remote future (after the scattering) to the values they had in the remote past (before the scattering). Such non-linear phenomenon was named quasi-integrability, and it seems to be related to special properties of the solutions under a space-time parity…
An integrable field theory, due to path-independence on the space-time plane, should yield together with an infinite set of independent conserved charges also similar dual charges determining the boundary and defect contributions. On the example of the nonlinear Schroedinger equation we unravel hidden hierarchies and dual structures and show the complete integrability through a novel Yang-Baxter equation at the classical and quantum level with exact solution.
We show that a 7-dimensional non-compact Ricci-flat Riemannian manifold with Riemannian holonomy G_2 can admit non-integrable G_2 structures of type R + S^2_0(R^7) + R^7 in the sense of Fernández and Gray. This relies on the construction of some G_2 solvmanifolds, whose Levi-Civita connection is known to give a parallel spinor, admitting a 2-parameter family of metric connections with non-zero skew-symmetric torsion that has parallel spinors as well. The family turns out to be a deformation of the Levi-Civita connection. This is in contrast with the case of compact scalar-flat Riemannian spin …
