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arXiv 1503.02399astro-ph.HE
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天体物理源中的粒子加速

Particle Acceleration in Astrophysical Sources

Elena Amato

摘要:

天体物理源是非常有效的加速器。一些源发射的光子能量高达TeV,这是其中存在能量比地球上最大的加速器所能达到的能量高得多的粒子的特征。更令人信服的证据来自对宇宙射线的研究,这些带电的相对论粒子以令人难以置信的高能量到达地球:在其光谱的最高能量端,这些亚原子粒子携带宏观能量,高达几焦耳。在这里,我将讨论宇宙粒子加速器的最佳候选源和机制。我将主要集中在银河系的来源,如超新星遗迹和脉冲星风星云,这是接近和明亮的,是最好的研究天体物理加速器。这些源负责宇宙中相对论粒子的大部分能量,但它们并不被认为能将粒子加速到最高的单个能量$\approx 10^{20}$ eV。然而,它们使我们能够非常详细地研究加速机制,如冲击加速(在牛顿和相对论范围内)或磁重联,同样的过程也可能在更强大的源中运行。

英文摘要:

Astrophysical sources are extremely efficient accelerators. Some sources emit photons up to multi-TeV energies, a signature of the presence, within them, of particles with energies much higher than those achievable with the largest accelerators on Earth. Even more compelling evidence comes from the study of Cosmic Rays, charged relativistic particles that reach the Earth with incredibly high energies: at the highest energy end of their spectrum, these subatomic particles are carrying a macroscopic energy, up to a few Joules. Here I will address the best candidate sources and mechanisms as cosmic particle accelerators. I will mainly focus on Galactic sources such as Supernova Remnants and Pulsar Wind Nebulae, which being close and bright, are the best studied among astrophysical accelerators. These sources are held responsible for most of the energy that is put in relativistic particles in the Universe, but they are not thought to accelerate particles up to the highest individual energies, $\approx 10^{20}$ eV. However they allow us to study in great detail acceleration mechanisms such as shock acceleration (both in the newtonian and relativistic regime) or magnetic reconnection, the same processes that are likely to be operating also in more powerful sources.

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