Hans Parshall
We find arbitrarily large configurations of irreducible polynomials over finite fields that are separated by low degree polynomials. Our proof adapts an argument of Pintz from the integers, in which he combines the methods of Goldston-Pintz-Yıldırım and Green-Tao to find arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions of generalized twin primes.
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For all $k \geq 3$, we show how one can explicitly construct an infinite family of $k$-regular graphs all of which have second largest eigenvalue satisfying the bound $O(k^{1/2})$. This resolves an open problem of Reingold, Vadhan and Wigderson.
The method of Murty and Cioabă shows how one can use results about gaps between primes to construct families of almost-Ramanujan graphs. In this paper we give a simpler construction which avoids the search for perfect matchings and thus eliminates the need for computation. A couple of recent explicit bounds on the gap between consecutive primes are then used to give the construction of $k$-regular families with explicit lower bounds on the spectral gaps. We then show that a result of Ben-Aroya and Ta-Shma can be improved using our simpler construction on the assumption of the Riemann Hypothesi…
We show that a positive proportion of all gaps between consecutive primes are small gaps. We provide several quantitative results, some unconditional and some conditional, in this flavour.
Let $p_n$ denote the $n$-th prime. For any $m\geq 1$, there exist infinitely many $n$ such that $p_{n}-p_{n-m}\leq C_m$ for some large constant $C_m>0$, and $$p_{n+1}-p_n\geq \frac{c_m\log n\log\log n\log\log\log\log n}{\log\log\log n}, $$ for some small constant $c_m>0$. Furthermore, we also obtain a related result concerning the least primes in arithmetic progressions.
We discuss recent advances on weak forms of the Prime $k$-tuple Conjecture, and its role in proving new estimates for the existence of small gaps between primes and the existence of large gaps between primes.
We present tables of record (maximal) gaps between densest prime constellations, or k-tuplets. The tables contain all maximal gaps between prime k-tuplets up to 10^15, for each k<=7.
We prove that a positive proportion of the gaps between consecutive primes are short gaps of length less than any fixed fraction of the average spacing between primes.
In a recent joint work with D.A. Goldston and C.Y. Yildirim we just missed by a hairbreadth a proof that bounded gaps between primes occur infinitely often. In the present work it is shown that adding to the primes a much thinner set, called almost prime powers, the union of the set of primes and almost prime powers contains already infinitely many bounded gaps. More precisely it is shown that if we add to the set of primes either almost prime squares having exactly two, nearly equal prime factors or if we add to the set of primes almost prime cubes having exactly three, nearly equal prime fac…
We implement the Maynard-Tao method of detecting primes in tuples to investigate small gaps between primes in arithmetic progressions, with bounds that are uniform over a range of moduli.
In this paper, we study the gaps between primes in Beatty sequences following the methods in the recent breakthrough of J. Maynard.
Bounded gaps and perfect power gaps in sequences of consecutive primes
本文研究连续素数间隙中是否存在较大间隙或完美幂间隙，并探讨相关数学问题。
We study the gaps between consecutive prime numbers directly through Eratosthenes sieve. Using elementary methods, we identify a recursive relation for these gaps and for specific sequences of consecutive gaps, known as constellations. Using this recursion we can estimate the numbers of a gap or of a constellation that occur between a prime and its square. This recursion also has explicit implications for open questions about gaps between prime numbers, including three questions posed by Erdös and Turán.
This paper describes some of the ideas used in the development of our work on small gaps between primes.
We prove a modification as well as an improvement of a result of K. Ford, D. R. Heath-Brown and S. Konyagin concerning prime avoidance of square-free numbers and perfect powers of prime numbers.
In the present work we prove a common generalization of Maynard-Tao's recent result about consecutive bounded gaps between primes and on the Erdős-Rankin bound about large gaps between consecutive primes. The work answers in a strong form a 60 years old problem of Erdös, which asked whether the ratio of two consecutive primegaps can be infinitely often arbitrarily small, and arbitrarily large, respectively.
Large gaps between primes in arithmetic progressions -- an empirical approach
本文概述了算术级数中素数间间隙的全新穷举计算结果，并给出了异常大的最小素数的新数值结果。
For any positive integer $k$, we show that infinitely often, perfect $k$-th powers appear inside very long gaps between consecutive prime numbers, that is, gaps of size $$ c_k \frac{\log p \log_2 p \log_4 p}{(\log_3 p)^2}, $$ where $p$ is the smaller of the two primes.
We use short divisor sums to approximate prime tuples and moments for primes in short intervals. By connecting these results to classical moment problems we are able to prove that a positive proportion of consecutive primes are within a quarter of the average spacing between primes.
In this paper, using the well known fact that the series of reciprocals of primes diverges, we obtain a general inequality for gaps of consecutive primes that holds for infinitely many primes. As it is shown the key ingredient for this direct approach is a consequence of the the Kummer's characterization of summable sequences of positive terms. Some interesting consequences are then presented. In particular, we show how the twin-prime conjecture is related to our main result.
This is an expository article on the recent marvellous theorem of Goldston, Pintz, and Yildirim on small gaps between prime numbers.
We derive heuristically formula for the $k$--moments $M_k(x)$ of the gaps between consecutive primes$<x $ represented directly by $x$$π(x)$ --- the number of primes up to: $M_k(x)= Γ(k+1)x^k/π^{k-1}(x)+\mathcal{O}(x)$, We illustrate obtained results by computer data.
We survey some past conditional results on the distribution of large differences between consecutive primes and examine how the Hardy-Littlewood prime k-tuples conjecture can be applied to this question.
The sequence of prime gaps is graphic
本文提出素数间隙图的概念，证明在黎曼猜想假设下对任意 $n\geq 2$ 均存在，并可通过保度增长过程生成无限序列，首次揭示了自然数无限序列的图示性。
Let $r \ge 2$ be an integer. We adapt the Maynard-Tao sieve to produce the asymptotically best-known bounded gaps between products of $r$ distinct primes. Our result applies to positive-density subsets of the primes that satisfy certain equidistribution conditions. This improves on the work of Thorne and Sono.
We show that the existence of arithmetic progressions with few primes, with a quantitative bound on "few", implies the existence of larger gaps between primes less than x than is currently known unconditionally. In particular, we derive this conclusion if there are certain types of exceptional zeros of Dirichlet L-functions.
Prime Gaps In The Gaussian Integers
本文定义了高斯整数中的素数间隙，并利用数值方法证明了其渐近上界为 O(log^2|p_n|)。
In the present work we prove a number of surprising results about gaps between consecutive primes and arithmetic progressions in the sequence of generalized twin primes which could not have been proven without the recent fantastic achievement of Yitang Zhang about the existence of bounded gaps between consecutive primes. Most of these results would have belonged to the category of science fiction a decade ago. However, the presented results are far from being immediate consequences of Zhang's famous theorem: they require various new ideas, other important properties of the applied sieve functi…
A few years ago we identified a recursion that works directly with the gaps among the generators in each stage of Eratosthenes sieve. This recursion provides explicit enumerations of sequences of gaps among the generators, which sequences are known as constellations. By studying this recursion on the cycles of gaps across stages of Eratosthenes sieve, we are able to provide evidence on a number of open problems regarding gaps between prime numbers. The basic counts of short constellations in the cycles of gaps provide evidence toward the twin prime conjecture and toward resolving a series of q…
In this paper, we apply the method of Maynard and Tao to the set of products of two distinct primes (E2-numbers). We obtain several results on the distribution of E2-numbers and primes. Among others, the result of Goldston, Pintz, Yildirim and Graham on small gaps between m consecutive E2-numbers is improved.
Taking the easy option I prove that one can lower Zhang's bound on prime gaps from 70 million to 60 million. A poor man's improvement indeed!
We show that there exists pairs of consecutive primes less than $x$ whose difference is larger than $t(1+o(1))(\log{x})(\log\log{x})(\log\log\log\log{x})(\log\log\log{x})^{-2}$ for any fixed $t$. Our proof works by incorporating recent progress in sieve methods related to small gaps between primes into the Erdos-Rankin construction. This answers a well-known question of Erdos.
On Maximal Prime Gaps
本文研究了素数间隙的问题，证明了素数与其后继素数之间的间隙不超过2log²p_n，并由此推导出对于足够大的数，存在特定类型的区间内必然存在素数。
As a refinement of the celebrated recent work of Yitang Zhang we show that any admissible k-tuple of integers contains at least two primes and almost primes in each component infinitely often if k is at least 181000. This implies that there are infinitely many gaps between consecutive primes of size at most 2530338, with an improved admissible k-tuple of Andrew W. Sutherland to 2326476.
For each $m\geq 1$, there exist infinitely many primes $p_1<p_2<\ldots<p_{m+1}$ such that $p_{m+1}-p_1=O(m^4e^{8m})$ and $p_j+2$ has at most $\frac{16m}{\log 2}+\frac{5\log m}{\log 2}+37$ prime divisors for each $j$.
Using Duke's large sieve inequality for Hecke Gr{ö}ssencharaktere and the new sieve methods of Maynard and Tao, we prove a general result on gaps between primes in the context of multidimensional Hecke equidistribution. As an application, for any fixed $0<ε<\frac{1}{2}$, we prove the existence of infinitely many bounded gaps between primes of the form $p=a^2+b^2$ such that $|a|<ε\sqrt{p}$. Furthermore, for certain diagonal curves $\mathcal{C}:ax^α+by^β=c$, we obtain infinitely many bounded gaps between the primes $p$ such that $|p+1-\#\mathcal{C}(\mathbb{F}_p)|<ε\sqrt{p}$.
Let $p_n$ denotes the $n$-th prime. We prove that $$\max_{p_{n+1} \leq X} (p_{n+1}-p_n) \gg \frac{\log X \log \log X\log\log\log\log X}{\log \log \log X}$$ for sufficiently large $X$, improving upon recent bounds of the first three and fifth authors and of the fourth author. Our main new ingredient is a generalization of a hypergraph covering theorem of Pippenger and Spencer, proven using the Rödl nibble method.
We use Maynard's methods to show that there are bounded gaps between primes in the sequence $\{\lfloor nα\rfloor\}$, where $α$ is an irrational number of finite type. In addition, given a superlinear function $f$ satisfying some properties described by Leitmann, we show that for all $m$ there are infinitely many bounded intervals containing $m$ primes and at least one integer of the form $\lfloor f(q)\rfloor$ with $q$ a positive integer.
We study the first occurrences of gaps between primes in the arithmetic progression (P): $r$, $r+q$, $r+2q$, $r+3q,\ldots,$ where $q$ and $r$ are coprime integers, $q>r\ge1$. The growth trend and distribution of the first-occurrence gap sizes are similar to those of maximal gaps between primes in (P). The histograms of first-occurrence gap sizes, after appropriate rescaling, are well approximated by the Gumbel extreme value distribution. Computations suggest that first-occurrence gaps are much more numerous than maximal gaps: there are $O(\log^2 x)$ first-occurrence gaps between primes in (P) …
We generalise Zhang's and Pintz recent results on bounded prime gaps to give a lower bound for the the number of prime pairs bounded by 6*10^7 in the short interval $[x,x+x (\log x)^{-A}]$. Our result follows only by analysing Zhang's proof of Theorem 1, but we also explain how a sharper variant of Zhang's Theorem 2 would imply the same result for shorter intervals.
Baker, Harman, and Pintz showed that a weak form of the Prime Number Theorem holds in intervals of the form $[x-x^{0.525},x]$ for large $x$. In this paper, we extend a result of Maynard and Tao concerning small gaps between primes to intervals of this length. More precisely, we prove that for any $δ\in [0.525,1]$ there exist positive integers $k,d$ such that for sufficiently large $x$, the interval $[x-x^δ,x]$ contains $\gg_{k} \frac{x^δ}{(\log x)^k}$ pairs of consecutive primes differing by at most $d$. This confirms a speculation of Maynard that results on small gaps between primes can be re…
Let $k\geq 2$ be a fixed natural number. We establish the existence of infinitely many pairs of consecutive primes $p_n$, $p_{n+1}$ satisfying $$ p_{n+1}-p_n\geq c\:\frac{\log p_n\: \log_2 p_n\: \log_4 p_n}{\log_3 p_n}\:,$$ with $c$ being a fixed positive constant, for which the interval $(p_n, p_{n+1})$ contains the $k$-th power of a prime number.
We derive heuristically approximate formulas for the negative $k$--moments $M_{-k}(x)$ of the gaps between consecutive primes$<x $ represented directly by $π(x)$ --- the number of primes up to $x$. In particular we propose an analytical formula for the sum of reciprocals of gaps between consecutive primes $<x : ~ M_{-1}(x)\sim \frac{π^2(x)}{x-2π(x)}\log\Big(\frac{x}{2π(x)}\Big) \sim x \log \log(x)/\log^2(x)$. We illustrate obtained results by the enormous computer data up to $x=4\times 10^{18}$.
On the frequency of small gaps between the primes
本文针对连续素数间隙倒数和发散所需间隙大小的问题，在Friedlander依赖深层k元组猜想的结果之外，对其弱化形式给出了无条件解答。
Suppose that $1<c<9/8$. For any $m\geq 1$, there exist infinitely many $n$ such that $$ \{[n^c],\ [(n+1)^c],\ \ldots,\ [(n+k_0)^c]\} $$ contains at least $m+1$ primes, if $k_0$ is sufficiently large (only depending on $m$).
Limit points and long gaps between primes
本文通过结合Maynard和Tao的工作，证明归一化素数间隔序列的极限点集包含至少25%的非负实数，并探讨了素数间长间隔的性质。
Question 10208b (1992) of the American Mathematical Monthly asked: does there exist an increasing sequence $\{a_k\}$ of positive integers and a constant $B > 0$ having the property that $\{ a_k + n\}$ contains no more than $B$ primes for every integer $n$? A positive answer to this question became known as Golomb's conjecture. In this note we give a negative answer, making use of recent progress in prime number theory.
We prove an analogue of a result by Goldston, Pintz and Yildirim for small gaps between primes that split completely in an abelian number field. We prove both a conditional result assuming the Elliott-Halberstam conjecture, and an unconditional result. We also give another proof of the same result in the special case of a quadratic extension of class number 1, which relies on a generalization of the Bombieri-Vinogradov theorem for quadratic number fields.
A new and exciting breakthrough due to Maynard establishes that there exist infinitely many pairs of distinct primes $p_1,p_2$ with $|p_1-p_2|\leq 600$ as a consequence of the Bombieri-Vinogradov Theorem. In this paper, we apply his general method to the setting of Chebotarev sets of primes. We study applications of these bounded gaps with an emphasis on ranks of prime quadratic twists of elliptic curves over $\mathbb{Q}$, congruence properties of the Fourier coefficients of normalized Hecke eigenforms, and representations of primes by binary quadratic forms.
We introduce a refinement of the GPY sieve method for studying prime $k$-tuples and small gaps between primes. This refinement avoids previous limitations of the method, and allows us to show that for each $k$, the prime $k$-tuples conjecture holds for a positive proportion of admissible $k$-tuples. In particular, $\liminf_{n}(p_{n+m}-p_n)<\infty$ for any integer $m$. We also show that $\liminf(p_{n+1}-p_n)\le 600$, and, if we assume the Elliott-Halberstam conjecture, that $\liminf_n(p_{n+1}-p_n)\le 12$ and $\liminf_n (p_{n+2}-p_n)\le 600$.
We consider the problem of finding small prime gaps in various sets of integers $\mathcal{C}$. Following the work of Goldston-Pintz-Yildirim, we will consider collections of natural numbers that are well-controlled in arithmetic progressions. Letting $q_n$ denote the $n$-th prime in $\mathcal{C}$, we will establish that for any small constant $ε>0$, the set $\left\{q_n| q_{n+1}-q_n \leq ε\log n \right\}$ constitutes a positive proportion of all prime numbers. Using the techniques developed by Maynard and Tao we will also demonstrate that $\mathcal{C}$ has bounded prime gaps. Specific examples,…
A positive integer is called an $E_j$-number if it is the product of $j$ distinct primes. We prove that there are infinitely many triples of $E_2$-numbers within a gap size of $32$ and infinitely many triples of $E_3$-numbers within a gap size of $15$. Assuming the Elliot-Halberstam conjecture for primes and $E_2$-numbers, we can improve these gaps to $12$ and $5$, respectively. We can obtain even smaller gaps for almost primes, almost prime powers, or integers having the same exponent pattern in the their prime factorizations. In particular, if $d(x)$ denotes the number of divisors of $x$, we…
Real exponential sums over primes and prime gaps
研究证明在短区间内存在素数，解决了长期存在的问题，并验证了关于素数分布的旧猜想。
Let $p_n$ denote the $n^{th}$ prime. Goldston, Pintz, and Yildirim recently proved that $ \liminf_{n\to \infty} \frac{(p_{n+1}-p_n)}{\log p_n} =0.$ We give an alternative proof of this result. We also prove some corresponding results for numbers with two prime factors. Let $q_n$ denote the $n^{th}$ number that is a product of exactly two distinct primes. We prove that $\liminf_{n\to \infty} (q_{n+1}-q_n) \le 26.$ If an appropriate generalization of the Elliott-Halberstam Conjecture is true, then the above bound can be improved to 6.
Let $α, β\geq 0$ and $α+ β< 1$. In this short note, we show that $\liminf_{n \to \infty} p_n^β(p_{n+1}^α- p_n^α) = 0$, where $p_n$ is the $n$th prime. This notes an improvement over results of Sándor and gives additional evidence towards a conjecture of Andrica. This follows directly from recent results on prime pairs from Maynard, Tao, Zhang.
Most prime gaps results have been proven using tools from analytic or algebraic number theory in the last few centuries. In this paper, we would like to present some probabilistic way of proving many essential results. A major component of the proof is a probabilistic approach to the sieve method. In addition, we discuss their connections with recent work by Zhang and Maynard on small and large gaps in prime numbers.
Assuming the Riemann hypothesis, this article discusses a new elementary argument that seems to prove that the maximal prime gap of a finite sequence of primes p_1, p_2, ..., p_n <= x, satisfies max {p_(n+1) - p_n : p_n <= x} <= c1((logx)^2)/loglogx, c1 > 0 constant. Equivalently, it shows that the very short intervals (x, x + y] contain prime numbers for all y > c2((logx)^2)/loglogx, c2 > 0 constant, and sufficiently large x > 0.
Let $p_n$ denote the $n$th prime and $g_n:=p_{n+1}-p_n$ the $n$th prime gap. We demonstrate the existence of infinitely many values of $n$ for which $g_n>g_{n+1}>\cdots>g_{n+m}$ with $m\gg \log\log\log n$ and similarly for the reversed inequalities. In doing so we settle a conjecture of Erdös for the case $m=2$.
On smooth gaps between primes using the Maynard-Tao sieve
本文利用 Zhang、Maynard 和 Polymath8b 在孪生素数猜想上的进展及 Maynard-Tao 筛法，将素数间光滑间隙的界限降低至 47，并证明存在无穷多个间隙均为 $y_m$-光滑的 $m$-元组素数。
In the framework of Cramer's probabilistic model of primes, we explore the exact and asymptotic distributions of maximal prime gaps. We show that the Gumbel extreme value distribution exp(-exp(-x)) is the limit law for maximal gaps between Cramer's random primes. The result can be derived from a general theorem about intervals between discrete random events occurring with slowly varying probability monotonically decreasing to zero. A straightforward generalization extends the Gumbel limit law to maximal gaps between prime constellations in Cramer's model.
Erdős considered the second moment of the gap-counting function of prime divisors in 1946 and proved an upper bound that is not of the right order of magnitude. We prove asymptotics for all moments. Furthermore, we prove a generalisation stating that the gaps between primes $p$ for which there is no $\mathbb{Q}_p$-point on a random variety are Poisson distributed.
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