We study the center of $U(\mathfrak{n})$, where $\mathfrak{n}$ is the locally nilpotent radical of a splitting Borel subalgebra of a simple complex Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{sl}_{\infty}(\mathbb{C})$, $\mathfrak{so}_{\infty}(\mathbb{C})$, $\mathfrak{sp}_{\infty}(\mathbb{C})$. There are infinitely many isomorphism classes of Lie algebras $\mathfrak{n}$, and we provide explicit generators of the center of $U(\mathfrak{n})$ in all cases. We then fix $\mathfrak{n}$ with "largest possible" center of $U(\mathfrak{n})$ and characterize the centrally generated primitive ideals of $U(\mathfrak{n})$ for $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{sl}_{\infty}(\mathbb{C})$, $\mathfrak{sp}_{\infty}(\mathbb{C})$ in terms of the above generators. As a preliminary result, we provide a characterization of the centrally generated primitive ideals in the enveloping algebra of the nilradical of a Borel subalgebra of $\mathfrak{sl}_n(\mathbb{C})$, $\mathfrak{sp}_{2n}(\mathbb{C})$.
Let $\mathfrak g$ be a complex simple Lie algebra and $\mathfrak b=\mathfrak t\oplus\mathfrak u^+$ a fixed Borel subalgebra. Let $Δ^+$ be the set of positive roots associated with $\mathfrak u^+$ and $\mathcal K\subsetΔ^+$ the Kostant cascade. We elaborate on some constructions related to $\mathcal K$ and applications of $\mathcal K$. This includes the cascade element $x_{\mathcal K}$ in the Cartan subalgebra $\mathfrak t$ and properties of certain objects naturally associated with $\mathcal K$: an abelian ideal of $\mathfrak b$, a nilpotent $G$-orbit in $\mathfrak g$, and an involution of $\m…
Let $\mathfrak{r}$ be a finite dimensional complex Lie superalgebra with a non-degenerate super-symmetric invariant bilinear form, let $\mathfrak{p}$ be a finite dimensional complex super vector space with a non-degenerate super-symmetric bilinear form, and let $ν: \mathfrak{r}\rightarrow\mathfrak{osp}(\mathfrak{p})$ be a Lie superalgebra homomorphism. In this paper, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for $\mathfrak{r}\oplus\mathfrak{p}$ to be a quadratic Lie superalgebra. The criterion obtained is an analogue of a constancy condition given by Kostant in the Lie algebra setting. As a…
Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a simple complex Lie algebra and let $\mathfrak{t} \subset \mathfrak{g}$ be a toral subalgebra of $\mathfrak{g}$. As a $\mathfrak{t}$-module $\mathfrak{g}$ decomposes as \[\mathfrak{g} = \mathfrak{s} \oplus \big(\oplus_{ν\in \mathcal{R}} \mathfrak{g}^ν\big)\] where $\mathfrak{s} \subset \mathfrak{g}$ is the reductive part of a parabolic subalgebra of $\mathfrak{g}$ and $\mathcal{R}$ is the Kostant root system associated to $\mathfrak{t}$. When $\mathfrak{t}$ is a Cartan subalgebra of $\mathfrak{g}$ the decomposition above is nothing but the root decomposition of $\mathfra…
We provide a systematic approach to obtain formulas for characters and Kostant ${\mathfrak u}$-homology groups of the oscillator modules of the finite dimensional general linear and ortho-symplectic superalgebras, via Howe dualities for infinite dimensional Lie algebras. Specializing these Lie superalgebras to Lie algebras, we recover, in a new way, formulas for Kostant homology groups of unitarizable highest weight representations of Hermitian symmetric pairs. In addition, two new reductive dual pairs related to the above-mentioned ${\mathfrak u}$-homology computation are worked out.
Let $\mathfrak g$ be a complex simple Lie algebra. We classify the parabolic subalgebras $\mathfrak p$ of $\mathfrak g$ such that the nilradical of $\mathfrak p$ has a commutative polarisation. The answer is given in terms of the Kostant cascade. It requires also the notion of an optimal nilradical and some properties of abelian ideals in a Borel subalgebra of $\mathfrak g$. Some invariant-theoretic consequences of the existence of a commutative polarisation are also discussed.
To each complex semisimple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ decorated with appropriate data, one may associate two completely integrable systems. One is the well-studied Kostant-Toda lattice, while the second is an integrable system defined on the universal centralizer $\mathcal{Z}_{\mathfrak{g}}$ of $\mathfrak{g}$. These systems are similar in that each exploits and closely reflects the invariant theory of $\mathfrak{g}$, as developed by Chevalley, Kostant, and others. One also has Kostant's description of level sets in the Kostant-Toda lattice, which turns out to suggest deeper similarities betwee…
We study the centrally generated primitive ideals of $U(\mathfrak{n})$, where $\mathfrak{n}$ is the (locally) nilpotent radical of a (splitting) Borel subalgebra of a simple complex Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{o}_{2n+1}(\mathbb{C})$, $\mathfrak{o}_{2n}(\mathbb{C})$, $\mathfrak{o}_{\infty}(\mathbb{C})$. In the infinite-dimensional setting, there are infinitely many isomorphism classes of Lie algebras $\mathfrak{n}$, and we fix $\mathfrak{n}$ with "largest possible" center of $U(\mathfrak{n})$. We characterize the centrally generated primitive ideals of $U(\mathfrak{n})$ in terms of the …
Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a complex semisimple Lie algebra, $\mathfrak{b}$ be a Borel subalgebra of $\mathfrak{g}$, $\mathfrak{n}$ be the nilradical of $\mathfrak{b}$, and $U(\mathfrak{n})$ be the universal enveloping algebra of $\mathfrak{n}$. We study primitive ideals of $U(\mathfrak{n})$. Almost all primitive ideals are centrally generated, i.e., are generated by their intersections with the center $Z(\mathfrak{n})$ of $U(\mathfrak{n})$. We present an explicit characterization of the centrally generated primitive ideals of $U(\mathfrak{n})$ in terms of the Dixmier map and the Kostant cascade in…
Let $A_n(K)$ be the Kostant form of $\mathfrak{U}(sl_n^+)$ and $Γ$ the monoid generated by the positive roots of $sl_n$. For each $λ\in Λ(n,r)$ we construct a functor $F_λ$ from the category of finitely generated $Γ$-graded $A_n(K)$-modules to the category of finite dimensional $S^+(n,r)$-modules, with the property that $F_λ$ maps (minimal) projective resolutions of the one-dimensional $A_n(K)$-module $K_{A}$ to (minimal) projective resolutions of the simple $S^+(n,r)$-module $K_λ$.
Kostant's weight $q$-multiplicity formula is an alternating sum over a finite group known as the Weyl group, whose terms involve the $q$-analog of Kostant's partition function. The $q$-analog of the partition function is a polynomial-valued function defined by $\wp_q(ξ)=\sum_{i=0}^k c_i q^i$, where $c_i$ is the number of ways the weight $ξ$ can be written as a sum of exactly $i$ positive roots of a Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$. The evaluation of the $q$-multiplicity formula at $q = 1$ recovers the multiplicity of a weight in an irreducible highest weight representation of $\mathfrak{g}$. In this…
The $q$-analog of Kostant's weight multiplicity formula is an alternating sum over a finite group, known as the Weyl group, whose terms involve the $q$-analog of Kostant's partition function. This formula, when evaluated at $q=1$, gives the multiplicity of a weight in a highest weight representation of a simple Lie algebra. In this paper, we consider the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{sl}_4(\mathbb{C})$ and give closed formulas for the $q$-analog of Kostant's weight multiplicity. This formula depends on the following two sets of results. First, we present closed formulas for the $q$-analog of Kostant'…
For every involution $\mathbf{w}$ of the symmetric group $S_n$ we establish, in terms ofa special canonical quotient of the dominant Verma module associated with $\mathbf{w}$, an effective criterion, which allows us to verify whether the universal enveloping algebra $U(\mathfrak{sl}_n)$ surjects onto the space of all ad-finite linear transformations of the simple highest weight module $L(\mathbf{w})$. An easy sufficient condition derived from this criterion admits a straightforward computational check for example using a computer. All this is applied to get some old and many new results, which…
Given a simple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$, Kostant's weight $q$-multiplicity formula is an alternating sum over the Weyl group whose terms involve the $q$-analog of Kostant's partition function. For $ξ$ (a weight of $\mathfrak{g}$), the $q$-analog of Kostant's partition function is a polynomial-valued function defined by $\wp_q(ξ)=\sum c_i q^i$ where $c_i$ is the number of ways $ξ$ can be written as a sum of $i$ positive roots of $\mathfrak{g}$. In this way, the evaluation of Kostant's weight $q$-multiplicity formula at $q = 1$ recovers the multiplicity of a weight in a highest weight represen…
Let k be a field of characteristic not two or three, let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a finite-dimensional colour Lie algebra and let V be a finite-dimensional representation of $\mathfrak{g}$. In this article we give various ways of constructing a colour Lie algebra $\tilde{\mathfrak{g}}$ whose bracket in some sense extends both the bracket of $\mathfrak{g}$ and the action of $\mathfrak{g}$ on V. Colour Lie algebras, originally introduced by R. Ree ([Ree60]), generalise both Lie algebras and Lie superalgebras, and in those cases our results imply many known results ([Kos99], [Kos01], [CK15], [SS15]). Fo…
We prove the analog of Kostant's Theorem on Lie algebra cohomology in the context of quantum groups. We prove that Kostant's cohomology formula holds for quantum groups at a generic parameter $q$, recovering an earlier result of Malikov in the case where the underlying semisimple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g} = \mathfrak{sl}(n)$. We also show that Kostant's formula holds when $q$ is specialized to an $\ell$-th root of unity for odd $\ell \ge h-1$ (where $h$ is the Coxeter number of $\mathfrak{g}$) when the highest weight of the coefficient module lies in the lowest alcove. This can be regarded as …
Let $\mathfrak g$ be a finite dimensional split semisimple Lie algebra and $λ$ a weight of $\mathfrak g$. Let $F$ be the algebra of quantized regular functions on the connected simply connected group $G$ corresponding to $\mathfrak g$. In the present paper we introduce a certain subspace $F'$ of $F$ (which is not necessary a subalgebra of $F$) and endow it with an associative $\star$-product using the so-called reduced fusion element. We prove that the algebra $(F',\star)$ is isomorphic to $(L(λ))_{fin}$, where $L(λ)$ is the irreducible highest weight $\check{U}_q\mathfrak g$-module and "$fin$…
We establish classical and categorical Howe dualities between the Lie superalgebras $\mathfrak{p}(m)$ and $\mathfrak{p}(n)$, for $m,n \geq 1$. We also describe a presentation via generators and relations as well as a Kostant $\mathbb{Z}$-form for the universal enveloping superalgebra $U(\mathfrak{p}(m))$.
For any Hermitian Lie group $G$ of tube type we give a geometric quantization procedure of certain $K_{\mathbb{C}}$-orbits in $\mathfrak{p}_{\mathbb{C}}^*$ to obtain all scalar type highest weight representations. Here $K_{\mathbb{C}}$ is the complexification of a maximal compact subgroup $K\subseteq G$ with corresponding Cartan decomposition $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{k}+\mathfrak{p}$ of the Lie algebra of $G$. We explicitly realize every such representation $π$ on a Fock space consisting of square integrable holomorphic functions on its associated variety $Ass(π)\subseteq\mathfrak{p}_{\mathbb{C…
The symmetries provided by representations of the centrally extended Lie superalgebra $\mathfrak{psl}(2|2)$ are known to play an important role in the spin chain models originated in the planar anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence and one-dimensional Hubbard model. We give a complete description of finite-dimensional irreducible representations of this superalgebra thus extending the work of Beisert which deals with a generic family of representations. Our description includes a new class of modules with degenerate eigenvalues of the central elements. Moreover, we construct exp…
In this paper, we study the commuting variety of symmetric pairs associated to parabolic subalgebras with abelian unipotent radical in a simple complex Lie algebra. By using the ``cascade'' construction of Kostant, we construct a Cartan subspace which in turn provides, in certain cases, useful information on the centralizers of non $\mathfrak{p}$-regular semisimple elements. In the case of the rank 2 symmetric pair $(\mathrm{so}_{p+2},\mathrm{so}_{p}\times \mathrm{so}_{2})$, $p\geq 2$, this allows us to apply induction, in view of previous results of the authors, and reduce the problem of the …
We prove that the finite $\mathcal{W}$-algebra associated to $\mathfrak{osp}_{1|2n}$ and its principal nilpotent element is isomorphic to Gorelik's ghost center of $\mathfrak{osp}_{1|2n}$, which proves an analog of Kostant's theorem for $\mathfrak{osp}_{1|2n}$.
The multiplicity of a weight $μ$ in an irreducible representation of a simple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ with highest weight $λ$ can be computed via the use of Kostant's weight multiplicity formula. This formula is an alternating sum over the Weyl group and involves the computation of a partition function. In this paper we consider a $q$-analog of Kostant's weight multiplicity and present a SageMath program to compute $q$-multiplicities for the simple Lie algebras.
We establish a maximal parabolic version of the Kazhdan-Lusztig conjecture \cite[Conjecture 5.10]{CKW} for the BGG category $\mathcal{O}_{k,ζ}$ of $\mathfrak{q}(n)$-modules of "$\pm ζ$-weights", where $k\leq n$ and $ζ\in\mathbb{C} \setminus \frac{1}{2} \mathbb{Z}$. As a consequence, the irreducible characters of these $\mathfrak{q}(n)$-modules in this maximal parabolic category are given by the Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials of type $A$ Lie algebras. As an application, closed character formulas for a class of $\mathfrak{q}(n)$-modules resembling polynomial and Kostant modules of the general linea…
In recent work, we related the structure of subvarieties of $n\times n$ complex matrices defined by eigenvalue coincidences to $GL(n-1,\mathbb{C})$-orbits on the flag variety of $\mathfrak{gl}(n,\mathbb{C})$. In the first part of this paper, we extend these results to the complex orthogonal Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{so}(n,\mathbb{C})$. In the second part of the paper, we use these results to study the geometry and invariant theory of the $K$-action on $\mathfrak{g}$, in the cases where $(\mathfrak{g}, K)$ is $(\mathfrak{gl}(n,\mathbb{C}), GL(n-1,\mathbb{C}))$ or $(\mathfrak{so}(n,\ma…
We extend Kostant's result on annihilator ideals of non-singular simple Whittaker modules over Lie algebras to (possibly singular) simple Whittaker modules over Lie superalgebras. We describe these annihilator ideals in terms of certain primitive ideals coming from the category $\mathcal O$ for quasireductive Lie superalgebras. To determine these annihilator ideals, we develop annihilator-preserving equivalences between certain full subcategories of the Whittaker category $\tilde{\mathcal N}$ and the categories of certain projectively presentable modules in the category $\mathcal O$. These equ…
Let $\mathrm{SL}(n,\mathbb{R})$ be the special linear group and $\mathfrak{sl}(n,\mathbb{R})$ its Lie algebra. We study geometric properties associated to the adjoint orbits in the simplest non-trivial case, namely, those of $\mathfrak{sl}(2,\mathbb{R})$. In particular, we show that just three possibilities arise: either the adjoint orbit is a one-sheeted hyperboloid, or a two-sheeted hyperboloid, or else a cone. In addition, we introduce a specific potential and study the corresponding gradient vector field and its dynamics when we restricted to the adjoint orbit. We conclude by describing th…
We introduce a class of equivalences, which we call generalized semi-infinite Hecke equivalences, between certain categories of representations of graded associative algebras which appear in the setting of semi-infinite cohomology for associative algebras and categories of representations of related algebras of Hecke type which we call semi-infinite Hecke algebras. As an application we obtain an equivalence between a category of representations of a non-twisted affine Lie algebra $\widehat{\mathfrak g}$ of level $-2h^\vee-k$, where $h^\vee$ is the dual Coxeter number of the underlying semisimp…
Let $\mathfrak{g}_{\mathbb{R}}$ be a split real, simple Lie algebra with complexification $\mathfrak{g}$. Let $G_{\mathbb{C}}$ be the connected, simply connected Lie group with Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$, $G_{\mathbb{R}}$ the connected subgroup of $G_{\mathbb{C}}$ with Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}_{\mathbb{R}}$, and $G$ a covering group of $G_{\mathbb{R}}$ with a maximal compact subgroup $K$. A complete classification of "small" $K$ types is derived via Clifford algebras, and an analog, $P^ξ$, of Kostant's $P^γ$ matrix is defined for a $K$ type $ξ$ of principal series admitting a small $K$ type. …
For any $n\in \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 2}$, let $\mathfrak{m}_n$ be the subalgebra of $\mathfrak{sp}_{2n}$ spanned by all long negative root vectors $X_{-2ε_i}$, $i=1,\dots,n$. An $\mathfrak{sp}_{2n}$-module $M$ is called a Whittaker module with respect to the Whittaker pair $(\mathfrak{sp}_{2n},\mathfrak{m}_n)$ if the action of $\mathfrak{m}_n$ on $M$ is locally finite, according to a definition of Batra and Mazorchuk. This kind of modules are more general than the classical Whittaker modules defined by Kostant. In this paper, we show that each non-singular block $\mathcal{WH}_{\mathbf{a}}^μ$ with fi…
The strong Macdonald theorems state that, for $L$ reductive and $s$ an odd variable, the cohomology algebras $H^*(L[z]/z^N)$ and $H^*(L[z,s])$ are freely generated, and describe the cohomological, $s$-, and $z$-degrees of the generators. The resulting identity for the $z$-weighted Euler characteristic is equivalent to Macdonald's constant term identity for a finite root system. We calculate $H^*(\mathfrak{p} / z^N \mathfrak{p})$ and $H^*(\mathfrak{p}[s])$ for $\mathfrak{p}$ a standard parahoric in a twisted loop algebra, giving strong Macdonald theorems that take into account both a parabolic …
In his work on crystal bases \cite{Kas}, Kashiwara introduced a certain degeneration of the quantized universal enveloping algebra of a semi-simple Lie algebra $\mathfrak g$, which he called a quantum boson algebra. In this paper, we construct Kashiwara operators associated to all positive roots and use them to define a variant of Kashiwara's quantum boson algebra. We show that a quasi-classical limit of the positive half of our variant is a Poisson algebra of the form $(P \simeq \mathbb C[\mathfrak n^{\ast}], \, \{~~,~~\}_P)$, where $\mathfrak n$ is the positive part of $\mathfrak g$ and $\{~…
Kostant asked the following question: Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a simple Lie algebra over the complex numbers. Let $λ$ be a dominant integral weight. Then, $V(λ)$ is a component of $ V(ρ)\otimes V(ρ)$ if and only if $λ\leq 2ρ$ under the usual Bruhat-Chevalley order on the set of weights. We give an affirmative answer to this question up to a saturation factor. In particular, the question is answered affirmatively for the special linear Lie algebras due to the Saturation Theorem of Knutson-Tao.
The Adler Kostant Symes [A-K-S] scheme is used to describe mechanical systems for quadratic Hamiltonians of $\mathbb R^{2n}$ on coadjoint orbits of the Heisenberg Lie group. The coadjoint orbits are realized in a solvable Lie algebra $\mathfrak g$ that admits an ad-invariant metric. Its quadratic induces the Hamiltonian on the orbits, whose Hamiltonian system is equivalent to that one on $\mathbb R^{2n}$. This system is a Lax pair equation whose solution can be computed with help of the Adjoint representation. For a certain class of functions, the Poisson commutativity on the coadjoint orbits …
A connection between minimal nilpotent orbits of types A and D via Hamiltonian reduction
State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Sciences, Morningside Center of Mathematics, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院数学与系统科学研究院）；School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学数学科学学院）；Institute of Mathematics, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院数学与系统科学研究院）
