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arXiv 1409.0950quant-ph
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量子精密测量及其在生物学中的应用

Quantum metrology and its application in biology

Michael A. Taylor, Warwick P. Bowen

摘要:

量子精密测量提供了一种克服传感器件中的实际限制的途径。它与生物学特别相关,其中灵敏度和分辨率限制限制了基础生物物理学和医学中的应用。在这里,我们审查量子精密测量从这个生物背景下,由于其特定的相关性,生物成像,传感和刺激的光学技术为重点。我们对量子力学的理解已经在生物学中实现了重要的应用,包括使用纠缠光子的正电子发射断层成像(PET)、使用核磁共振的磁共振成像(MRI)以及使用超导量子干涉器件(SQUID)的生物磁成像。在量子精密测量中,更大范围的应用来自于不仅理解而且设计量子水平上的相干性和相关性的能力。在过去的几年里,在将这些想法应用于生物系统方面取得了相当大的进展。已经证明的能力包括提高灵敏度和分辨率,对成像伪影和技术噪声的免疫力,以及在单光子水平上对光的生物反应的表征。新的量子测量技术提供了更大的希望,提高了改进多光子显微镜和磁成像的前景,以及许多其他可能的应用。实现这一潜力将需要生物学和量子物理学研究人员的跨学科投入。在这篇评论中,我们试图沟通的量子精密测量的发展方式,是生物学家和bioprophicists访问,同时提供足够的细节,让感兴趣的读者获得坚实的理解该领域。我们进一步寻求引入量子物理学家在生物科学中的光学测量的一些核心挑战。

英文摘要:

Quantum metrology provides a route to overcome practical limits in sensing devices. It holds particular relevance to biology, where sensitivity and resolution constraints restrict applications both in fundamental biophysics and in medicine. Here, we review quantum metrology from this biological context, focusing on optical techniques due to their particular relevance for biological imaging, sensing, and stimulation. Our understanding of quantum mechanics has already enabled important applications in biology, including positron emission tomography (PET) with entangled photons, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using nuclear magnetic resonance, and bio-magnetic imaging with superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). In quantum metrology an even greater range of applications arise from the ability to not just understand, but to engineer, coherence and correlations at the quantum level. In the past few years, quite dramatic progress has been seen in applying these ideas into biological systems. Capabilities that have been demonstrated include enhanced sensitivity and resolution, immunity to imaging artifacts and technical noise, and characterization of the biological response to light at the single-photon level. New quantum measurement techniques offer even greater promise, raising the prospect for improved multi-photon microscopy and magnetic imaging, among many other possible applications. Realization of this potential will require cross-disciplinary input from researchers in both biology and quantum physics. In this review we seek to communicate the developments of quantum metrology in a way that is accessible to biologists and biophysicists, while providing sufficient detail to allow the interested reader to obtain a solid understanding of the field. We further seek to introduce quantum physicists to some of the central challenges of optical measurements in biological science.

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