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arXiv 1404.3095cond-mat.stat-mech
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不可能的卡诺效率

The unlikely Carnot efficiency

Gatien Verley, Tim Willaert, Christian Van den Broeck, Massimiliano Esposito

摘要:

热机的效率传统上被定义为其平均输出功与其平均输入热的比率。它的最高可能值由卡诺在1824年发现,是热力学的基石概念。它导致了第二定律的发现和开尔文温标的定义。小型发动机工作在高度波动的输入和输出能量通量的存在。因此,它们更好地表现为波动效率。在这项研究中,使用波动定理,我们确定效率波动的普遍特征。虽然标准的热力学效率是,正如预期的那样,最有可能的值,我们发现,卡诺效率是,令人惊讶的是,在很长的时间限制的可能性最小。此外,效率的概率分布假设一个通用的缩放形式时,接近平衡运行。我们说明我们的结果分析和数值模拟两个模型系统。

英文摘要:

The efficiency of an heat engine is traditionally defined as the ratio of its average output work over its average input heat. Its highest possible value was discovered by Carnot in 1824 and is a cornerstone concept in thermodynamics. It led to the discovery of the second law and to the definition of the Kelvin temperature scale. Small-scale engines operate in the presence of highly fluctuating input and output energy fluxes. They are therefore much better characterized by fluctuating efficiencies. In this study, using the fluctuation theorem, we identify universal features of efficiency fluctuations. While the standard thermodynamic efficiency is, as expected, the most likely value, we find that the Carnot efficiency is, surprisingly, the least likely in the long time limit. Furthermore the probability distribution for the efficiency assumes a universal scaling form when operating close-to-equilibrium. We illustrate our results analytically and numerically on two model systems.

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