卡诺效率下发散但可忽略的功率：理论与实验
Diverging, but negligible power at Carnot efficiency: theory and experiment
摘要：
本文讨论了在准静态条件下，热机在非零功率输出下达到卡诺效率的可能性。我们重点关注广泛用于描述实际HE性能的几个模型。这些模型包括量子热电器件、线性不可逆HE、最小非线性不可逆HE、工作在低耗散状态的HE、过阻尼随机HE和欠阻尼随机HE。虽然这些HE中的一些可以在非零甚至发散功率下达到卡诺效率，但是与这些系统中可达到的最大功率相比，该功率的幅度总是可以忽略的。我们提供的条件，实现卡诺效率在个别型号，并解释实际方面与达到卡诺效率在大功率输出。此外，我们展示了如何我们的研究结果可以在实践中使用一个标准的布朗HE实现可用的显微操作技术进行测试。
英文摘要：
We discuss the possibility of reaching the Carnot efficiency by heat engines (HEs) out of quasi-static conditions at nonzero power output. We focus on several models widely used to describe the performance of actual HEs. These models comprise quantum thermoelectric devices, linear irreversible HEs, minimally nonlinear irreversible HEs, HEs working in the regime of low dissipation, over-damped stochastic HEs and an under-damped stochastic HE. Although some of these HEs can reach the Carnot efficiency at nonzero and even diverging power, the magnitude of this power is always negligible compared to the maximum power attainable in these systems. We provide conditions for attaining the Carnot efficiency in the individual models and explain practical aspects connected with reaching the Carnot efficiency at large power output. Furthermore, we show how our findings can be tested in practice using a standard Brownian HE realizable with available micromanipulation techniques.
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