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arXiv 1306.4663astro-ph.GAastro-ph.CO
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模拟早期宇宙中原始气体的污染

Modeling the Pollution of Pristine Gas in the Early Universe

Liubin Pan, Evan Scannapieco, John Scalo

摘要:

我们进行了全面的理论和数值研究的污染的原始气体在湍流,旨在提供新的工具,模拟第一代恒星的演化。这类第三星族(Pop III)恒星的性质被认为与后来的恒星有很大的不同,因为金属丰度低于临界值Z_c的气体的冷却方式有很大的不同,临界值Z_c介于~10^-6和10^-3太阳值之间。Z_c远小于典型的平均金属丰度<Z>,因此原始气体在星际介质中的混合效率在Pop III到正常恒星形成的转变中起着至关重要的作用。小的临界值Z_c对应于金属丰度概率分布函数(PDF)的最左尾部。基于湍流混合PDF格式的封闭模型,导出了可压缩湍流中低于Z_c的气体分数P的方程。我们的模拟数据表明,分数P的演变可以很好地近似于一个广义的自卷积模型,它预测dP/dt = -n/tau_con P(1-P^(1/n)),其中n是PDF卷积的局部性的度量,时间尺度tau_con由湍流拉伸污染物的速率决定。利用一套马赫数从M = 0.9到6.2的模拟,我们提供了n和τ_con作为M、Z_c/<Z>和尺度L_p的函数的精确拟合,在尺度L_p处污染物被添加到流中。当P&gt;0.9时,混合只发生在污染物周围的区域,使得n=1。对于较小的P,n随着混合变得更全局而更大。我们展示了如何使用这些结果来构建一个区域模型,用于在单个高红移星系中的Pop III恒星的演化,以及用于跟踪大型宇宙学模拟中第一批恒星演化的亚网格模型。

英文摘要:

We conduct a comprehensive theoretical and numerical investigation of the pollution of pristine gas in turbulent flows, designed to provide new tools for modeling the evolution of the first generation of stars. The properties of such Population III (Pop III) stars are thought to be very different than later generations, because cooling is dramatically different in gas with a metallicity below a critical value Z_c, which lies between ~10^-6 and 10^-3 solar value. Z_c is much smaller than the typical average metallicity, <Z>, and thus the mixing efficiency of the pristine gas in the interstellar medium plays a crucial role in the transition from Pop III to normal star formation. The small critical value, Z_c, corresponds to the far left tail of the probability distribution function (PDF) of the metallicity. Based on closure models for the PDF formulation of turbulent mixing, we derive equations for the fraction of gas, P, lying below Z_c, in compressible turbulence. Our simulation data shows that the evolution of the fraction P can be well approximated by a generalized self-convolution model, which predicts dP/dt = -n/tau_con P (1-P^(1/n)), where n is a measure of the locality of the PDF convolution and the timescale tau_con is determined by the rate at which turbulence stretches the pollutants. Using a suite of simulations with Mach numbers ranging from M = 0.9 to 6.2, we provide accurate fits to n and tau_con as a function of M, Z_c/<Z>, and the scale, L_p, at which pollutants are added to the flow. For P>0.9, mixing occurs only in the regions surrounding the pollutants, such that n=1. For smaller P, n is larger as mixing becomes more global. We show how the results can be used to construct one-zone models for the evolution of Pop III stars in a single high-redshift galaxy, as well as subgrid models for tracking the evolution of the first stars in large cosmological simulations.

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