The recent launch of JWST has enabled the exciting prospect of detecting the first generation of metal-free, Population III (Pop. III) stars. Determining the emission line signatures that robustly signify the presence of Pop. III stars against other possible contaminants represents a key challenge for interpreting JWST data. To this end, we run high-resolution (sub-pc) cosmological radiation hydrodynamics simulations of the region around a dwarf galaxy at $z\geq10$ to predict the emission line signatures of the Pop. III/Pop. II transition. We show that the absence of metal emission lines is a poor diagnostic of Pop. III stars because metal-enriched galaxies in our simulation can maintain low [OIII] 5007${\rm Å}$ emission that may be undetectable due to sensitivity limits. Combining spectral hardness probes (e.g. HeII 1640${\rm Å}$/H$α$) with metallicity diagnostics is more likely to probe the presence of metal-free stars, although contamination from Wolf-Rayet stars, X-ray binaries, or black holes may be important. The hard emission from Pop. III galaxies fades fast due to the short stellar lifetimes of massive Pop. III stars, which could further inhibit detection. Similarly, Pop. III stars may be detectable after they evolve off the main-sequence due to the cooling radiation from nebular gas or a supernova remnant; however, these signatures are also short-lived (i.e. few Myr), and contaminants such as flickering black holes might confuse this diagnostic. While JWST will provide a unique opportunity to spectroscopically probe the nature of the earliest galaxies, both the short timescales associated with pristine systems and ambiguities in interpreting key diagnostic emission lines may hinder progress. Special care will be needed before claiming the discovery of systems with pure Pop. III stars.
Abundance Profiling of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars and Supernova Properties in the Early Universe
在大爆炸核合成之后,宇宙中第一次重元素富集是由一颗人口(Pop)III恒星(Pop III SN)的超新星(SN)爆炸造成的。从Pop III SNe产生的元素丰度比记录在极贫金属(EMP)星的丰度模式中。对越来越多的EMP星的观测使得有可能在统计上限制Pop III SNe的爆炸特性。我们提出了Pop III SN模型,其核合成结果很好地再现了48个贫金属星的丰度模式,如[Fe/H] $\mathrel{\rlap{\lower 4pt \hbox{$ \sim $}}\raise 1pt \hbox {$ < $}}-3.5$。然后我们推导出EMP星的丰度比与Pop III SNe的某些爆炸性质之间的关系:较高的[(C+N)/Fe]和[(C+N)/Mg]比值分别对应于较小的喷射Fe质量和较大的致密残余质量。利用这些关系,EMP星的丰度比的分布被转换为Pop III SNe的爆炸性质的分布。与现代SNe爆炸性质的分布进行了比较:Pop III SNe的Fe质量分布与现代SNe的Fe质量分布有相同的峰值,但有一个延伸到$\sim10^{-2}-10^{-5}M_\odot$的尾部,Pop III SNe致密残骸的质量分布与现代恒星质量黑洞的质量分布一样宽。我们的研究结果表明,正在进行的和未来的EMP恒星调查和随后的高色散光谱观测,澄清在早期宇宙的波普III SNe的性质获得的大样本…
Measuring the delay time distribution of binary neutron stars. III. Using the individual star formation histories of gravitational wave event host galaxies in the local universe
在论文I(Safarzadeh & Berger 2019)中,我们研究了通过晕/恒星质量与本地宇宙中承载引力波(GW)事件的星系的恒星形成历史(SFH)之间的标度关系来确定双星中子星(BNS)的延迟时间分布(DTD)。在这里,我们将探讨如何详细重建的BNS合并宿主星系的单个SFH可以提高使用的标度关系。我们使用星系和质量大会(GAMA)调查,这是质量完整的$M_*>10^9$ M $_\odot$在红移范围$0.05<z<0.08$的星系。我们使用重建的SFH来自探矿者代码,为两个不同的先验集合(有利于连续和突发SFH),卷积那些与幂律DTDs的特征在于一个指数$Γ$和最小延迟时间$t_{\rm min}$。我们发现,这种方法的$\mathcal{O}(100)-\mathcal{O}(300)$主机星系需要约束的DTD参数,与数量取决于选择的SFH前和真正的DTD的参数。我们进一步表明,只使用BNS合并的宿主星系,而不是在相关的宇宙体积的潜在的宿主星系的全部人口,导致在恢复的DTD参数的微小偏差。相对于使用标度关系的方法,所需的宿主星系样本大小几乎要小一个数量级,我们预计在第三代GW探测器出现之前,在十年或二十年内收集到这样的宿主星系样本。
CURLING -- III. Identifying Candidates of Wide-separation Gravitationally Lensed Quasars from the CatNorth Catalogue
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院国家天文台);School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院);Department of Physics, Nanchang University(南昌大学物理学院);Center for Relativistic Astrophysics and High Energy Physics, Nanchang University(南昌大学相对论天体物理与高能物理中心);Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院紫金山天文台);Leiden Observatory, Leiden University(莱顿大学莱顿天文台)
Herschel far-infrared photometry of the Swift Burst Alert Telescope active galactic nuclei sample of the local universe - III. Global star-forming properties and the lack of a connection to nuclear activity
The Growth of Black Holes from Population III Remnants in the Renaissance Simulations
第三星族恒星的残余物形成恒星质量的黑洞,提供了一个初始黑洞种子的来源,有可能成长为中等质量的黑洞,或者在极少数情况下,可能是超大质量黑洞。我们使用文艺复兴时期的模拟套件来跟踪早期宇宙中诞生于迷你晕中的15,000多个黑洞的生长。我们计算的黑洞的演化后处理个别残留的第三族恒星粒子在文艺复兴时期的模拟快照。黑洞的晕圈从10 $^{6}$ M $_{\odot}$到10 $^{9}$ M $_{\odot}$。我们发现所有的黑洞都表现出非常低效的增长。平均而言,黑洞的初始质量增加了10倍$^{-5}$,最活跃的黑洞的质量增加了大约10%。只有一个单一的黑洞经历任何时期的超爱丁顿吸积,但持续时间很短,不会重复。此外,我们没有发现黑洞吸积与晕质量在采样的质量范围内的相关性。在大多数晕中,我们发现了冷而致密的气体团块,它们的吸积率很高,但黑洞遇到这些团块的情况很罕见,而且寿命很短。恒星的形成与黑洞的增长竞争,消耗可用的气体,并通过反馈降低吸积率。我们的结论是,在早期宇宙中,从第三星族残余物中诞生的黑洞并没有形成大量的中等质量黑洞,如果有的话,需要等到以后才能经历显著的吸积。