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arXiv 1601.04712astro-ph.GAastro-ph.CO
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3厘米精细结构脉泽:早期宇宙直接坍缩形成超大质量黑洞的独特特征

3-cm Fine Structure Masers: A Unique Signature of Supermassive Black Hole Formation via Direct Collapse in the Early Universe

Mark Dijkstra, Shiv Sethi, Abraham Loeb

摘要:

直接坍缩黑洞(DCBH)方案描述了原始气体云直接等温坍缩成一个质量为10^4-10^6 M_太阳的黑洞。在这篇论文中,我们证明了在T~10^4 K时具有低分子丰度的原始气体的大HI柱密度--这代表了DCBH方案的关键方面--为用被捕获的莱曼α(Lya)光子泵浦原子氢的2 p能级提供了最佳条件。这种Lya抽运机制引起2s_1/2-2p_3/2跃迁的反转能级布居,并因此引起3.04cm(静止坐标)处的受激精细结构发射。我们表明,简化模型的DCBH方案放大CMB高达10^5倍,以上的微波激射饱和。3cm跃迁的超精细分裂产生特征宽(FWHM ~在观测者坐标系中为数十MHz)的非对称谱线轮廓。该信号对着~ 1-10 mas的角标度,其转换为~ 0.3-3 microJy的通量,这是用SKA 1-MID计划的超深勘测可检测到的。虽然具有挑战性,但由于信号在云坍缩时间的一小部分是可见的,因此匹配所需的物理条件意味着对红移3厘米发射线的检测将为DCBH场景提供直接证据。

英文摘要:

The direct collapse black hole (DCBH) scenario describes the isothermal collapse of a pristine gas cloud directly into a massive, M_BH=10^4-10^6 M_sun black hole. In this paper we show that large HI column densities of primordial gas at T~10^4 K with low molecular abundance - which represent key aspects of the DCBH scenario - provide optimal conditions for pumping of the 2p-level of atomic hydrogen by trapped Lyman alpha (Lya) photons. This Lya pumping mechanism gives rise to inverted level population of the 2s_1/2-2p_3/2 transition, and therefore to stimulated fine structure emission at 3.04 cm (rest-frame). We show that simplified models of the DCBH scenario amplify the CMB by up to a factor of 10^5, above which the maser saturates. Hyperfine splitting of the 3-cm transition gives rise to a characteristic broad (FWHM ~ tens of MHz in the observers frame) asymmetric line profile. This signal subtends an angular scale of ~ 1-10 mas, which translates to a flux of ~ 0.3-3 microJy, which is detectable with ultra-deep surveys being planned with SKA1-MID. While challenging, as the signal is visible for a fraction of the collapse time of the cloud, the matching required physical conditions imply that a detection of the redshifted 3-cm emission line would provide direct evidence for the DCBH scenario.

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