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arXiv 1305.0980astro-ph.EP
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核吸积形成的大质量巨行星和低质量棕矮星中的氘燃烧

Deuterium Burning in Massive Giant Planets and Low-Mass Brown Dwarfs formed by Core-Nucleated Accretion

Peter Bodenheimer, Gennaro D'Angelo, Jack J. Lissauer, Jonathan J. Fortney, Didier Saumon

摘要:

根据核心核巨行星吸积方案,通过详细的数值模拟,考虑了氘燃烧极限附近天体的形成。这些天体的重元素核心在5-30 Mearth范围内,被假定为吸积气体,最终质量为10-15木星质量(Mjup)。形成过程持续了1-5百万年,以“冷启动”、低熵配置结束,之后这些天体以恒定的质量演化,直到几个Gyr的年龄。通过质子捕获的氘燃烧包括在计算中,并且我们确定了质量M50,超过50%的初始氘被燃烧。这个经常被引用的巨行星和棕矮星之间的界线被发现只轻微地依赖于参数,如核心质量,恒星质量,形成位置,原行星盘中的固体表面密度,盘粘度和尘埃不透明度。M50的值落在11.6-13.6 Mjup的范围内,与先前未考虑形成过程的测定结果一致。对于形成过程中给定的不透明度定律,具有较高核心质量的物体形成得更快。结果是在吸积完成时,包层中的熵更高,产生更低的M50值。对于质量大于M50的天体,在氘燃烧阶段,天体会膨胀,光度会增加1到3个数量级。在光度-时间图中的演化轨迹与观测到的风景如画的Beta的伴星位置进行了比较。

英文摘要:

Formation of bodies near the deuterium-burning limit is considered by detailed numerical simulations according to the core-nucleated giant planet accretion scenario. The objects, with heavy-element cores in the range 5-30 Mearth, are assumed to accrete gas up to final masses of 10-15 Jupiter masses (Mjup). After the formation process, which lasts 1-5 Myr and which ends with a 'cold-start', low-entropy configuration, the bodies evolve at constant mass up to an age of several Gyr. Deuterium burning via proton capture is included in the calculation, and we determined the mass, M50, above which more than 50% of the initial deuterium is burned. This often-quoted borderline between giant planets and brown dwarfs is found to depend only slightly on parameters, such as core mass, stellar mass, formation location, solid surface density in the protoplanetary disk, disk viscosity, and dust opacity. The values for M50 fall in the range 11.6-13.6 Mjup, in agreement with previous determinations that do not take the formation process into account. For a given opacity law during the formation process, objects with higher core masses form more quickly. The result is higher entropy in the envelope at the completion of accretion, yielding lower values of M50. For masses above M50, during the deuterium-burning phase, objects expand and increase in luminosity by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude. Evolutionary tracks in the luminosity-versus-time diagram are compared with the observed position of the companion to Beta Pictoris.

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