AI 中文总结
本文提出Sonora Flame Skimmer无云亚恒星大气与演化模型，拓展参数空间并更新相关框架，揭示高金属丰度冷却更慢等结果，所有模型公开可用。
AI 中文摘要
詹姆斯·韦伯空间望远镜（JWST）已为超冷褐矮星研究提供了前所未有的观测能力，并拓展了直接成像 temperate 巨行星的边界。随着我们持续推进对亚土星和海王星类行星的探测，开发能更好捕捉太阳系气态巨行星、冰巨行星等行星大气复杂性与多样性的大气与演化模型至关重要。本文介绍了Sonora Flame Skimmer，这是新一代无云一维大气与演化模型套件，涵盖化学平衡与非平衡情形，探测温度低至50 K、表面重力低至log(g)=2，且覆盖宽范围金属丰度（10倍亚太阳至100倍超太阳）与碳氧比（太阳至2.5倍太阳）。除拓展此前Sonora模型的物理参数空间外，我们更新了Sonora Bobcat的不透明度与演化模型框架，以及Sonora Elf Owl对H₂O、CH₄、NH₃等挥发分和CO₂等碳物种的化学处理方式。针对这些亚恒星天体的演化，我们发现高金属丰度大气比太阳金属丰度大气冷却更慢，而垂直混合强度（K_zz）对演化轨迹影响可忽略不计；在本次研究探索的最高金属丰度（100倍太阳）下，氘燃烧和氢燃烧的最小质量分别降至5.39 M_J和45.03 M_J。本文提出的所有模型，包括大气结构、化学丰度剖面、光谱、合成测光及演化模型，均已公开可用。
英文摘要
JWST has provided unprecedented access to ultra-cool brown dwarfs and has pushed the boundaries of directly imaging temperate giant planets. As we continue to push toward detecting sub-Saturn and Neptune-like planets, it is crucial to develop atmospheric and evolutionary models that better capture the complexity and diversity of planetary atmospheres similar to the gas and ice giants in our Solar System. We present Sonora Flame Skimmer, the next suite of cloud-free 1D atmospheric and evolutionary models in chemical equilibrium and disequilibrium probing colder temperatures (down to 50 K), smaller objects (down to log(g) = 2), and a wide range of metallicities (10x sub-solar to 100x super-solar) and C/O ratios (solar to 2.5x solar). Beyond expanding the physical parameter space of previous Sonora models, we update the opacities and evolutionary model framework from Sonora Bobcat, as well as the chemical treatment of volatiles (H$_2$O, CH$_4$, NH$_3$) and carbon species such as CO$_2$ from Sonora Elf Owl. For the evolution of these substellar objects, we find that high-metallicity atmospheres lead to slower cooling compared to solar metallicity, while the strength of vertical mixing ($K_{\rm zz}$) has a negligible impact on the evolutionary tracks. At the highest metallicity explored here (100$\times$ solar), the deuterium-burning and hydrogen-burning minimum masses fall to 5.39 and 45.03 $M_{\rm J}$, respectively. All the models presented here, including the atmospheric structure, chemical profiles, spectra, synthetic photometry, and evolutionary models, are publicly available.
CommentsAccepted to ApJ. Zenodo link to all models: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20030439
