A multi-MW proton facility, Project X has been proposed and is currently under development at Fermilab. As part of this development program, we are constructing a prototype of the front end of the Project X linac at Fermilab. The construction and successful operations of this facility will validate the concept for the Project X front end, thereby minimizing the primary technical risk element within the Project. The Project X Injector Experiment (PXIE) can be constructed over the period FY12-16 and will include an H- ion source, a CW 2.1-MeV RFQ and two SC cryomodules providing up to 30 MeV energy gain at an average beam current of 1 mA. Successful operations of the facility will demonstrate the viability of novel front end technologies that will find applications beyond Project X in the longer term.
The Project X Injector Experiment (PXIE), a test bed for the Project X front end, will be completed at Fermilab at FY12-16. One of the challenging goals of PXIE is demonstration of the capability to form a 1 mA H- beam with an arbitrary selected bunch pattern from the initially 5 mA 162.5 MHz CW train. The bunch selection will be made in the Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) at 2.1 MeV by diverting undesired bunches to an absorber. This paper presents the MEBT scheme and describes development of its elements, including the kickers and absorber.
A multi-MW proton facility, Project X, has been proposed and is currently under development at Fermilab. We are carrying out a program of research and development aimed at integrated systems testing of critical components comprising the front end of Project X. This program, known as the Project X Injector Experiment (PXIE), is being undertaken as a key component of the larger Project X R&D program. The successful completion of this program will validate the concept for the Project X front end, thereby minimizing a primary technical risk element within Project X. PXIE is currently under constru…
The Project X Injector Experiment (PXIE) will serve as a prototype for the Project X front end. The aim is to validate the Project-X design and to decrease technical risks, known to be mainly related to the front end. PXIE will accelerate a 1 mA CW beam to about 25 MeV. It will consist of an ion source, LEBT, CW RFQ, MEBT, two SC cryomodules, a diagnostic section and a beam dump. A bunch-by-bunch chopper located in the MEBT section will allow formation of an arbitrary bunch structure. PXIE deviates somewhat from the current Project-X front end concept in that it provides additional instrumenta…
Fermilab is planning the construction of a prototype front end of the Project X linac. The Project X Injector Experiment (PXIE) is expected to accelerate 1 mA cw H- beam up to 30 MeV. Some of the major goals of the project are to test a cw RFQ and H- source, a broadband bunch-by-bunch beam chopper and a low-energy superconducting linac. The successful characterization and operation of such an accelerator places stringent requirements on beam line diagnostics. These crucial beam measurements include bunch currents, beam orbit, beam phase, bunch length, transverse profile and emittance, beam hal…
A capability to provide a large variety of bunch patterns is crucial for the concept of the Project X serving MW-range beam to several experiments simultaneously. This capability will be realized by the Medium Energy Beam Transport's (MEBT) chopping system that will divert 80% of all bunches of the initially 5mA, 2.1 MeV CW 162.5 MHz beam to an absorber according to a pre-programmed bunch-by-bunch selection. Being considered one of the most challenging components, the chopping system will be tested at the Project X Injector Experiment (PXIE) facility that will be built at Fermilab as a prototy…
A CW-compatible, pulsed H- superconducting linac "PIP-II" is being planned to upgrade Fermilab's injection complex. To validate the front-end concept, a test accelerator (The PIP-II Injector Test, formerly known as "PXIE") is under construction. The warm part of this accelerator comprises a 10 mA DC, 30 keV H- ion source, a 2 m-long Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT), a 2.1 MeV Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) capable of operation in Continuous Wave (CW) mode, and a 10 m-long Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT). The paper will report on the installation of the RFQ and the first sections of the M…
For Project X Fermilab Main Injector will be required to provide up to 2.3 MW to a neutrino production target at energies between 60 and 120 GeV. To accomplish the above power levels 3 times the current beam intensity will need to be accelerated. In addition the injection energy of Main Injector will need to be as low as 6 GeV. The current 30 year old Main Injector radio frequency system will not be able to provide the required power and a new system will be required. The specifications of the new system will be described.
Particle-in-cell simulations were performed by using PARMELA to characterise an electron injector with a booster linac for the AWAKE project in order to provide the baseline specifications required by the plasma wakefield experiments. Tolerances and errors were investigated. A 3 GHz travelling wave structure designed by using CST code. Particles were tracked by using the field maps acquired from these electromagnetic simulations. These results are pre- sented in comparison with the generic accelerating structure model within PARMELA.
For Project X, the Fermilab Main Injector will be required to operate with 3 times higher bunch intensity. The plan to study the space charge effects at the injection energy with intense bunches will be discussed.
AWAKE project, a proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration (PDPWA) experiment is approved by CERN. The PDPWA scheme consists of a seeding laser, a drive beam to establish the accelerating wakefields within the plasma cell; and a witness beam to be accelerated. The drive beam protons will be provided by the CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). The plasma ionisation will be performed by a seeding laser and the drive beam protons to produce the accelerating wakefields. After establishing the wakefields, witness beam, namely, electron beam from a dedicated source should be injected into the pl…
The CERN accelerator complex prepares protons for the four big experiments at the Interaction Regions of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) as well as for a number of fixed target experiments, which take beam directly from the LHC injectors. Between 2010 and 2021, a series of major changes were designed and implemented to the injector complex under the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project, with the main goal to enable the injector chain to produce LHC beams with doubled intensity and brightness. As a byproduct of these upgrades, the fixed target beams are also expected to benefit and possibly acce…
The injector linacs of the JLC/NLC project include the prelinac, the e+ drive linac, the $e- booster, and the $e+ booster. The first three will be S-band machines, the last one, an L-band machine. We have demonstrated that by using detuning alone in the accelerator structure design of these linacs we will have acceptable tolerances for emittance growth due to both injection jitter and structure misalignments, for both the nominal (2.8ns) and alternate (1.4ns) bunch spacings.
We discuss the progress made on a new installation in Fermilab's Main Injector that will help investigate the electron cloud phenomenon by making direct measurements of the secondary electron yield (SEY) of samples irradiated in the accelerator. In the Project X upgrade the Main Injector will have its beam intensity increased by a factor of three compared to current operations. This may result in the beam being subject to instabilities from the electron cloud. Measured SEY values can be used to further constrain simulations and aid our extrapolation to Project X intensities. The SEY test-stand…
The laser-driven generation of relativistic electron beams in plasma and their acceleration to high energies with GV/m-gradients has been successfully demonstrated. Now, it is time to focus on the application of laser-plasma accelerated (LPA) beams. The "Accelerator Technology HElmholtz iNfrAstructure" (ATHENA) of the Helmholtz Association fosters innovative particle accelerators and high-power laser technology. As part of the ATHENAe pillar several different applications driven by LPAs are to be developed, such as a compact FEL, medical imaging and the first realization of LPA-beam injection …
The Main Injector (MI) was commissioned using data acquisition systems developed for the Fermilab Main Ring in the 1980s. New VME-based instrumentation was commissioned in 2006 for beam loss monitors (BLM)[2], which provided a more systematic study of the machine and improved displays of routine operation. However, current projects are demanding more data and at a faster rate from this aging hardware. One such project, Real-time Edge AI for Distributed Systems (READS), requires the high-frequency, low-latency collection of synchronized BLM readings from around the approximately two-mile accele…
A two-year Large Aperture Quadrupole (WQB) Project was completed in the summer of 2006 at Fermilab. Nine WQBs were designed, fabricated and bench-tested by the Technical Division. Seven of them were installed in the Main Injector and the other two for spares. They perform well. The aperture increase meets the design goal and the perturbation to the lattice is minimal. The machine acceptance in the injection and extraction regions is increased from 40pi to 60pi mm-mrad. This paper gives a brief report of the operation and performance of these magnets.
For Project X, it is planned to inject a beam of 3 10**11 particles per bunch into the Main Injector. To prepare for this by studying the effects of higher intensity bunches in the Main Injector it is necessary to perform coalescing at 8 GeV. The results of a series of experiments and simulations of 8 GeV coalescing are presented. To increase the coalescing efficiency adiabatic reduction of the 53 MHz RF is required, resulting in ~70% coalescing efficiency of 5 initial bunches. Data using wall current monitors has been taken to compare previous work and new simulations for 53 MHz RF reduction,…
For Project X, it is planned to inject a beam of 3x10**11 particles per bunch into the Main Injector. Therefore, at 8-GeV, there will be increased space charge tune shifts and an increased incoherent tune spread. In preparation for these higher intensity bunches exploratory studies have commenced looking at the transmission of different intensity bunches at different tunes. An experiment is described with results for bunch intensities between 20 and 300 10**9 particles. To achieve the highest intensity bunches coalescing at 8-GeV is required, resulting in a longer bunch length. Comparisons sho…
The 10 MeV accelerator-driven subcritical system (ADS) Injector-I test stand at Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) is a testing facility dedicated to demonstrate one of the two injector design schemes [Injector Scheme-I, which works at 325 MHz], for the ADS project in China. The Injector adopted a four vane copper structure RFQ with output energy of 3.2 MeV and a superconducting (SC) section accommodating fourteen \b{eta}g=0.12 single spoke cavities, fourteen SC solenoids and fourteen cold BPMs. The ion source was installed since April of 2014, periods of commissioning are regularly sched…
This paper presents the modeling of time-structured multiturn injection for an upgraded Main Injector with the 8-GeV Superconducting RF proton driver, or an ILC-style linac, or a Project-X linac. The Radio-Frequency mismatch between a linac and the upgraded Main Injector will induce parasitic longitudinal painting in RF-phase direction. Several different scenarios with a choice of different RF parameters for single RF system and double RF system in the presence of longitudinal space charge have been investigated. From the studies of microbunch injection with the aid of ESME (2003) numerical si…
We have performed a series of experiments at Fermilab to explore the electron cloud phenomenon. The Main Injector will have its beam intensity increased four-fold in the Project X upgrade, and would be subject to instabilities from the electron cloud. We present measurements of the cloud formation in the Main Injector and experiments with materials for the mitigation of the Cloud. An experimental installation of Titanium-Nitride (TiN) coated beam pipes has been under study in the Main Injector since 2009; this material was directly compared to an adjacent stainless chamber through electron clo…
Project X is a multi-megawatt proton facility being developed to support intensity frontier research in elementary particle physics, with possible applications to nuclear physics and nuclear energy research, at Fermilab. The centerpiece of this program is a superconducting H- linac that will support world leading programs in long baseline neutrino experimentation and the study of rare processes. Based on technology shared with the International Linear Collider (ILC), Project X will provide multi-MW beams at 60-120 GeV from the Main Injector, simultaneous with very high intensity beams at lower…
The ESCULAP project aims at studying external injection of low energy (\SI{10}{MeV}) electrons in a plasma in the quasilinear regime. This facility will use the photo injector PHIL and the high power laser LASERIX. We will give a status report of the preliminary work on the facility and the status of the two machines. We will also present the results of simulations showing the expected performances of the facility.
An Alvaretz-type DTL, to accelerate the H- ion beam from 3 to 50 MeV, is being constructed as the injector for the JAERI/KEK Joint Project. The following components of the DTL have been developed: (1) a cylindrical tank, made by copper electroforming; (2) rf contactors; (3) a pulse-excited quadrupole magnet with a hollow coil made by copper electroforming; (4) a switching-regulator-type pulsed-power supply for the quadrupole magnet. High-power tests of the components have been conducted using a short-model tank. Moreover a breakdown experiment of the copper electrodes has been carried out in o…
Active discussion on the high energy physics priorities in the US carried out since summer of 2013 resulted in changes in Fermilab plans for future development of the existing accelerator complex. In particular, the scope of Project X was reduced to the support of the Long Base Neutrino Facility (LBNF) at the project first stage. The name of the facility was changed to the PIP-II (Proton Improvement Plan). This new facility is a logical extension of the existing Proton Improvement Plan aimed at doubling average power of the Fermilab's Booster and Main Injector (MI). Its design and required R&D…
The U.S. Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) report encouraged the realization of Fermilab's Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) to support future neutrino programs in the United States. PIP-II aims at enhancing the capabilities of the Fermilab existing accelerator complex while simultaneously providing a flexible platform for its future upgrades. The central part of PIP-II project is the construction of a new 800 MeV H- Superconducting (SC) Linac together with upgrades of the Booster and Main Injector synchrotrons. New transfer lines will also be needed to deliver beam to the d…
The JAERI/KEK Joint Project for the high-intensity proton accelerator facility has been proposed with a superconducting (SC) linac option from 400 MeV to 600MeV. System design of the SC linac has been carried out based on the equipartitioning concept. The SC linac is planned to use as an injector to a 3GeV rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS) for spallation neutron source after it meets requirement to momentum spread less than +-0.1%. In the R&D work for SC cavities, vertical tests of single-cell and 5 cell cavities were performed. Experiments on multi-cell (5 cell) cavities of b=0.50 and b=0.89 at…
The completion of the PIP-II project and its superconducting linear accelerator will provide up to 1.2 MW of beam power to the LBNF/DUNE facility for neutrino physics. It will also be able to produce high-power beams directly from the linac that can be used for lower-energy particle physics experiments as well, such as directing beam toward the Muon Campus at Fermilab for example. Any further significant upgrade of the beam power to DUNE, however, will be impeded by the limitations of the present Booster synchrotron at the facility. To increase the power to DUNE by a factor of two would requir…
The commissioning of two cryomodule components is underway at Fermilab's Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) Accelerator Test Facility. The research at this facility supports the next generation high intensity linear accelerators such as the International Linear Collider (ILC), a new high intensity injector (Project X) and other future machines. These components, Cryomodule #1 (CM1) and Capture Cavity II (CC2), which contain 1.3 GHz cavities are connected in series in the beamline and through cryogenic plumbing. Studies regarding characterization of ground motion, technical and cultural nois…
A superconducting RF accelerator test facility is currently under construction at Fermilab. The accelerator will consist of an electron gun, 40 MeV injector, beam acceleration section consisting of 3 TTF-type or ILC-type cryomodules, and multiple downstream beam lines for testing diagnostics and performing beam experiments. With 3 cryomodules installed this facility will initially be capable of generating an 810 MeV electron beam with ILC beam intensity. The facility can accommodate up to 6 cryomodules for a total beam energy of 1.5 GeV. This facility will be used to test SRF cryomodules under…
The NOνA project will upgrade the existing Neutrino at Main Injector (NuMI) project beamline at Fermilab to accommodate beam power of 700 kW. The Medium Energy (ME) graphite target assembly is provided through an accord with the State Research Center of Russia Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP) at Protvino, Russia. The effects of proton beam energy deposition within beamline components are considered as thermal stability of the target carrier assembly and alignment budget are critical operational issues. Results of finite element thermal and structural analysis involving the target carri…
A superconducting RF accelerator test facility is being constructed at Fermilab. The existing New Muon Lab (NML) building is being converted for this facility. The accelerator will consist of an electron gun, injector, beam acceleration section consisting of 3 TTF-type or ILC-type cryomodules, multiple downstream beam lines for testing diagnostics and conducting various beam tests, and a high power beam dump. When completed, it is envisioned that this facility will initially be capable of generating an 810 MeV electron beam with ILC beam intensity. Expansion plans of the facility are underway …
Our objective will be to integrate ML into Fermilab accelerator operations and furthermore provide an accessible framework which can also be used by a broad range of other accelerator systems with dynamic tuning needs. We will develop of real-time accelerator control using embedded ML on-chip hardware and fast communication between distributed systems in this proposal. We will demonstrate this technology for the Mu2e experiment by increasing the overall duty factor and uptime of the experiment through two synergistic projects. First, we will use deep reinforcement learning techniques to improv…
The Advanced Superconducting Test Acccelerator (ASTA) is being constructed at Fermilab. The existing New Muon Lab (NML) building is being converted for this facility. The accelerator will consist of an electron gun, injector, beam acceleration section consisting of 3 TTF-type or ILC-type cryomodules, multiple downstream beamlines for testing diagnostics and conducting various beam tests, and a high power beam dump. When completed, it is envisioned that this facility will initially be capable of generating a 750-MeV electron beam with ILC beam intensity. An expansion of this facility was recent…
