Single Dirac-cone on the Cs-covered topological insulator surface Sb2Te3(0001)
Christoph Seibel, Henriette Maaß, Minoru Ohtaka, Sebastian Fiedler, Christian Jünger, Chul-Hee Min, Hendrik Bentmann, Kazuyuki Sakamoto, Friedrich Reinert
利用角分辨光电子能谱学研究了三维拓扑绝缘体（TI）Sb_2 Te_3（0001）的表面电子结构。我们的数据表明，在体能隙中存在一个拓扑表面态，其Dirac点位于费米能级之上。Cs原子在Sb_2 Te_3（0001）上的吸附引起电子价带态的向下能量移动，其饱和值为~200 meV。对于饱和覆盖度，线性色散表面态的Dirac点位于费米能级附近。因此，电子结构的Cs/Sb 2 Te 3接口相当大地偏离先前研究的金属TI接口的基础上的同构化合物Bi 2Se 3的原子组成的重要性，在这些异质系统。
英文摘要：
Using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy we investigate the surface electronic structure of the three-dimensional topological insulator (TI) Sb2Te3(0001). Our data show the presence of a topological surface state in the bulk energy gap with the Dirac-point located above the Fermi level. The adsorption of Cs-atoms on Sb2Te3(0001) gives rise to a downward energy shift of the electronic valence band states which saturates at a value of ~200 meV. For the saturation coverage the Dirac-point of the linearly dispersive surface state resides in close proximity to the Fermi level. The electronic structure of the Cs/Sb2Te3 interface therefore considerably deviates from previously studied metal-TI interfaces based on the isostructural compound Bi2Se3 which points to the importance of atomic composition in these hetero systems.
Non-trivial spin-texture of the coaxial Dirac cones on the surface of topological crystalline insulator SnTe
本文采用第一性原理计算研究了拓扑晶体绝缘体SnTe的非平凡表面态及其自旋织构。[001]表面上的表面态色散呈现出四个Dirac-cone，中心位于镜面和表平面的相交处。我们提出了一个简单的模型，两个相互作用的同轴狄拉克锥来描述的表面态色散和相关的自旋纹理。虽然由于晶体和时间反转对称性，面外自旋极化为零，但由于两个同轴狄拉克锥的相互作用，面内自旋织构显示出螺旋性和一些扭曲，表明非平凡的镜像陈氏数为-2，不同于$Z_{2}$拓扑绝缘体（如Bi/Sb合金或Bi $_2$ Se $_3$）中的值-1。表面态色散和它的自旋织构将提供一种实验上可获得的方法来确定非平凡的镜像陈氏数。
The massless Dirac electrons found at topological insulator surfaces are thought to be influenced very little by weak, non-magnetic disorder. However, a resonance effect of strongly perturbing non-magnetic impurities has been theoretically predicted to change the dispersion and physical nature of low-energy quasiparticles, resulting in unique particle-like states that lack microscopic translational symmetry. Here we report the direct observation of impurities reshaping the surface Dirac cone of the model 3D topological insulator Bi2Se3. For the first time, a pronounced kink-like dispersion fea…
The protected surface states of topological insulators (TIs) form gapless Dirac cones corresponding non-degenerate eigenstates with helical spin polarisation. The presence of a warping term deforms the isotropic cone of the most simple model into snowflake Fermi surfaces as in Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3. Their features have been identified in STM quasiparticle interference (QPI) experiments on isolated surfaces. Here we investigate the QPI spectrum for the TI thin-film geometry with finite tunnelling between the surface states. This leads to a dramatic change of spectrum due to gapping and a change in …
Discovery (theoretical prediction and experimental observation) of a large-gap topological-insulator class with spin-polarized single-Dirac-cone on the surface
最近的理论和实验表明，某些带绝缘体中的强自旋-轨道耦合效应可以产生量子物质的新相，即所谓的拓扑绝缘体，它可以表现出宏观纠缠效应。这样的系统具有二维表面状态，其电动力学性质不是由传统的麦克斯韦方程组描述的，而是由一个附加的轴子场描述的，最初提出来描述强相互作用的粒子。有人提出，具有单个自旋织构狄拉克锥的拓扑绝缘体与超导体的界面可以形成执行容错量子计算的最基本单元。在这里，我们提出了一个角度分辨光电子能谱研究和第一原理理论计算预测，揭示了第一次观察到这样的拓扑状态的物质具有一个单一的表面Dirac-cone实现自然发生的Bi $_2$ Se $_3$类材料。我们的研究结果，我们的理论预测和计算的支持，表明这类材料的未掺杂化合物可以作为长期寻求的拓扑器件，其中面内表面载流子输运将有一个纯粹的量子拓扑起源的母矩阵化合物。我们的研究进一步表明，未掺杂的化合物通过n到p掺杂达到即使在室温下也应该显示拓扑输运现象。
Weak topological insulators possess a symmetry related set of Dirac-Weyl cones in the surface Brillouin zone, implying misorientation between the principle axis of the low energy manifold of the bulk and the surface normal. We show that this feature of weak topological insulators comes with a hidden richness of surface spin textures, and that by misorientation a helical texture can become an unusual hyperbolic spin texture. We illustrate this effect by comparison of the $M$-point and $Γ$-point Dirac-Weyl cones on the (111) surface of the crystalline topological insulator SnTe.
Novel Spin-texture on the warped Dirac-cone surface states in topological insulators
我们用第一性原理计算和模型哈密顿量研究了Bi 2 Te 3族三维拓扑绝缘体的表面态性质。当表面狄拉克锥由于菱形结构中的Dresselhaus自旋轨道耦合而翘曲时，自旋获得有限的面外分量。我们预测了一种新的面内自旋纹理的扭曲表面狄拉克锥的自旋不垂直于电子动量。我们的k.p模型计算表明，这种新型的面内自旋纹理需要高阶Dresselhaus自旋轨道耦合项。
We use the Dirac cone model to explore the high Chern number (C) phases that are realized in the magnetic-doped topological insulator (TI) multilayer structures by Zhao et al. [Nature 588, 419 (2020)]. The Chern number is calculated by capturing the evolution of the phase boundaries with the parameters and then the Chern number phase diagrams of the TI multilayer structures are obtained. The high-C behavior is attributed to the band inversion of the renormalized Dirac cones, along with which the spin polarization at the Γpoint will get increased. Moreover, another two TI multilayer structures …
We propose to Floquet-engineer Dirac cones at the surface of a three-dimensional topological insulator. We show that a large tunability of the Fermi velocity can be achieved as a function of the polarization, direction and amplitude of the driving field. Using this external control, the Dirac cones in the quasienergy spectrum may become elliptic or massive, in accordance to experimental evidences. These results help us to understand the interplay of surface states and external ac driving fields in topological insulators. In our work we use the full Hamiltonian for the three-dimensional system …
We propose a different route to time-reversal invariant Weyl semimetals employing multilayer heterostructures comprising ordinary "trivial" insulators and nontrivial insulators with \textit{pairs} of protected Dirac cones on the surface. We consider both the case of weak topological insualtors, where surface Dirac cones are pinned to time-reversal invariant momenta, and of topological crystalline insulators with unpinned surface Dirac cones. For both realizations we explain phenomenologically how the proposed construction leads to the emergence of a Weyl semimetal phase. We further formulate e…
We report a systematic angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy on topological insulator (TI) TlBi1-xSbxTe2 which is bulk insulating at 0.5 < x < 0.9 and undergoes a metal-insulator-metal transition with the Sb content x. We found that this transition is characterized by a systematic hole doping with increasing x, which results in the Fermi-level crossings of the bulk conduction and valence bands at x~ 0 and x~1, respectively. The Dirac point of the topological surface state is gradually isolated from the valence-band edge, accompanied by a sign reversal of Dirac carriers. We also found that …
A three-dimensional topological insulator features a two-dimensional surface state consisting of a single linearly-dispersive Dirac cone. Under broken time-reversal symmetry, the single Dirac cone is predicted to cause half-integer quantization of Hall conductance, which is a manifestation of the parity anomaly in quantum field theory. However, despite various observations of quantization phenomena, the half-integer quantization has been elusive because a pair of equivalent Dirac cones on two opposing surfaces are simultaneously measured in ordinary experiments. Here we demonstrate the half-in…
We derive the spin texture of a weak topological insulator via a supersymmetric approach that includes the roles of the bulk gap edge states and surface band bending. We find the spin texture can take one of four forms: (i) helical, (ii) hyperbolic, (iii) hedgehog, with spins normal to the Dirac-Weyl cone of the surface state, and (iv) hyperbolic hedgehog. Band bending determines the winding number in the case of a helical texture, and for all textures can be used to tune the spin texture polarization to zero. For the weak topological insulator SnTe, we show that inclusion of band bending is c…
We propose a class of photonic Floquet topological insulators based on staggered helical lattices and an efficient numerical method for calculating their Floquet bandstructure. The lattices support anomalous Floquet topological insulator phases with vanishing Chern number and tunable topological transitions. At the critical point of the topological transition, the bandstructure hosts a single unpaired Dirac cone, which yields a variety of unusual transport effects: a discrete analogue of conical diffraction, weak antilocalization not limited by intervalley scattering, and suppression of Anders…
A time-reversal invariant topological insulator occupying a Euclidean half-space determines a 'Quaternionic' self-adjoint Fredholm family. We show that the discrete spectrum data for such a family is geometrically encoded in a non-trivial 'Real' gerbe. The gerbe invariant, rather than a naïve counting of Dirac points, precisely captures how edge states completely fill up the bulk spectral gap in a topologically protected manner.
Inducing Lifshitz transition by extrinsic doping of surface bands in topological crystalline insulator Pb$_{1-x}$Sn$_{x}$Se
研究了窄隙半导体Pb $_{1-x}$ Sn $_{x}$ Se在其岩盐结构相中的拓扑保护表面态，x=0.45、0.23、0.15和0。角分辨光电子能谱学的本质上p掺杂的样品显示出两个狄拉克锥，偏心的时间反转不变点X的表面布里渊区的所有，但x=0的样品的明确指示。碱金属的吸附逐渐使表面带充满电子，驱动x>0拓扑晶体绝缘体系统通过Lifshitz转变，并从空穴到电子的费米表面。x>0样品中的电子掺杂带显示出狄拉克锥的完整构型，也证实了表面带的电子-空穴对称性。
We discuss the magnetic and topological properties of bulk crystals and quasi-two-dimensional thin films formed by stacking intrinsic magnetized topological insulator ( for example Mn(Sb$_{x}$Bi$_{1-x}$)$_2$X$_4$ with X = Se,Te, including MnBi$_2$Te$_4$) septuple layers and topological insulator quintuple layers in arbitrary order. Our analysis makes use of a simplified model that retains only Dirac-cone degrees of freedom on both surfaces of each septuple or quintuple layer. We demonstrate the model's applicability and estimate its parameters by comparing with {\it ab initio } density-functio…
Periodically driven systems can host so called anomalous topological phases, in which protected boundary states coexist with topologically trivial Floquet bulk bands. We introduce an anomalous version of reflection symmetry protected topological crystalline insulators, obtained as a stack of weakly-coupled two-dimensional layers. The system has tunable and robust surface Dirac cones even though the mirror Chern numbers of the Floquet bulk bands vanish. The number of surface Dirac cones is given by a new topological invariant determined from the scattering matrix of the system. Further, we find…
Time-reversal-protected single-Dirac-cone topological-insulator states in Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3: Topologically Spin-polarized Dirac fermions with pi Berry's Phase
我们证明了强自旋-轨道耦合材料Bi_2 Te_3和Sb_2 Te_3（第一非Bi拓扑绝缘体）及其衍生物属于Z_2（Time-Reflections-Protected，Elastic Backscattering suppressed）拓扑绝缘体类。使用第一性原理理论计算和光电子能谱相结合，我们直接表明，Bi 2 Te 3是一个大的自旋轨道诱导的间接体带隙（约150 meV）的半导体，其表面的特点是由一个单一的拓扑自旋狄拉克锥。自掺杂Sb_2Te_3的电子结构具有类似的Z_2拓扑性质。我们证明了表面自旋狄拉克费米子的动力学可以通过系统的Mn掺杂来控制，使这些材料类潜在地适合于探索新的拓扑物理。我们强调（理论上和实验上）狄拉克节点是很好的体隙内，不与体价带退化。
The 'double Dirac cone' 2D topological interface states found on the (001) faces of topological crystalline insulators such as Pb$_{1-x}$Sn$_{x}$Se feature degeneracies located away from time reversal invariant momenta, and are a manifestation of both mirror symmetry protection and valley interactions. Similar shifted degeneracies in 1D interface states have been highlighted as a potential basis for a topological transistor, but realizing such a device will require a detailed understanding of the intervalley physics involved. In addition, the operation of this or similar devices outside of ult…
We propose two novel two-dimensional topological Dirac materials, planar PtN4C2 and Pt2N8C6, which exhibit graphene-like electronic structures with linearly dispersive Dirac-cone states exactly at the Fermi level. Moreover, the Dirac cone is anisotropic, resulting in anisotropic Fermi velocities and making it possible to realize orientation-dependent quantum devices. Using the first-principles electronic structure calculations, we have systemically studied the structural, electronic, and topological properties. We find that spin-orbit coupling opens a sizable topological band gap so that the m…
We consider weak topological insulators with a twofold rotation symmetry around the dark direction, and show that these systems can be endowed with the topological crystalline structure of a higher-order topological insulator protected by rotation symmetry. These hybrid-order weak topological insulators display surface Dirac cones on all surfaces. Translational symmetry breaking perturbations gap the Dirac cones on the side surfaces leaving anomalous helical hinge modes behind. We also prove that the existence of this topological phase comes about due to a hidden crystalline topological invari…
In this paper a theoretical studies of the space separation of electron and hole wave functions in the quantum well ZnO/Mg0.27Zn0.73O are presented. For this aim the self-consistent solution of the Schrödinger equations for electrons and holes and the Poisson equations at the presence of spatially varying quantum well potential due to the piezoelectric effect and local exchange-correlation potential is found. The one-dimensional Poisson equation contains the Hartree potential which includes the one-dimensional charge density for electrons and holes along the polarization field distribution. Th…
Twisting van der Waals heterostructures to induce correlated many-body states provides a novel tuning mechanism in solid-state physics. In this work, we theoretically investigate the fate of the surface Dirac cone of a three-dimensional topological insulator subject to a superlattice potential. Using a combination of diagrammatic perturbation theory, lattice model simulations, and ab initio calculations we elucidate the unique aspects of twisting a single Dirac cone with an induced moiré potential and the role of the bulk topology on the reconstructed surface band structure. We report a dramat…
Direct Measurement of the Out-of-Plane Spin Texture in the Dirac Cone Surface State of a Topological Insulator
我们已经进行了自旋和角度分辨的光电子能谱的Bi 2 Te 3和提出的第一个直接证据的存在的面外自旋分量的表面状态的拓扑绝缘体。我们发现，六方变形的费米面（FS）的Bi2Te3的面外自旋极化的幅度达到最大的25%的面内对应，而这样一个相当大的面外自旋分量不存在于更圆的FS的TlBiSe 2，表明六方变形的FS是负责偏离理想的螺旋自旋织构。观察到的面外极化比现有理论预期的要小得多，这表明正确理解Bi2Te3中的表面自旋极化需要额外的成分。
We study the behavior of non-equilibrium spin density and spin-orbit torque in a topological insulator - antiferromagnet heterostructure. Unlike ferromagnetic heterostructures where Dirac cone is gapped due to time-reversal symmetry breaking, here the Dirac cone is preserved. We demonstrate the existence of a staggered spin density corresponding to a damping like torque, which is quite robust against the scalar impurity, when the transport energy is in the topological insulator surface energy regime. We show the contribution to the non-equilibrium spin density due to both surface and bulk topo…
We present a series of models of three-dimensional rotation-symmetric fragile topological insulators in class AI (time-reversal symmetric and spin-orbit-free systems), which have gapless surface states protected by time-reversal ($T$) and $n$-fold rotation ($C_n$) symmetries ($n=2,4,6$). Our models are generalizations of Fu's model of a spinless topological crystalline insulator, in which orbital degrees of freedom play the role of pseudo-spins. We consider minimal surface Hamiltonian with $C_n$ symmetry in class AI and discuss possible symmetry-protected gapless surface states, i.e., a quadra…
We derive a general low-energy theory for twisted moiré heterostructures comprised of Dirac materials. We apply our theory to heterostructures on the surface of a three dimensional topological insulator (3D TI). First, we consider the interface between two 3D TIs arranged with a relative twist angle. We prove that if the two TIs are identical, then a necessary condition for a magic angle where the Dirac cone velocity vanishes is to have an interlayer spin-flipping hopping term. Without this term, the Dirac cone velocities can still be significantly renormalized, decreasing to less than half of…
