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arXiv 1202.3403astro-ph.GA
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长期演化动力学

Dynamics of secular evolution

James Binney

摘要:

2011年特内里费冬季学校的讲座文本。学校的主题是“银河系的长期演化”,我的任务是提出基本的恒星动力学理论。其他讲师都在讲酒吧和化学进化的作用,所以这些话题在这里避免。我们开始与帐户之间的联系孤立积分,quasiperiodicity和角度作用变量-这些变量发挥了统一的作用,整个讲座。这导致了共振俘获现象,以及这如何导致尖点势中的混沌和缓慢演化势中的相空间混合。介绍了截面曲面和频率分析作为相空间结构的诊断方法。真正的星系势包括一个波动的部分,它驱使系统走向无法达到的热平衡。两体相遇只是波动的一个来源,所有的波动都将推动类似的进化。我们推导出轨道平均的Fokker-Planck方程和二阶扩散系数与涨落功率谱和一阶扩散系数之间的关系。从观测到的太阳邻域的加热,我们表明,二级扩散系数必须标度为J^{1/2}。我们发现,周期性的螺旋结构转移角动量向外,加热在Lindblad共振和混合在共转。本文首先导出了产生星盘简正模的方程,然后讨论了紧绕螺旋波的传播。这种波的卷起解释了为什么冷恒星盘是放大环境噪声的响应系统。解释为什么林舒Kalnajs色散关系,甚至全球正常模式的计算提供了一个非常不完整的理解恒星盘的动力学。

英文摘要:

The text of lectures to the 2011 Tenerife Winter School. The School's theme was "Secular Evolution of Galaxies" and my task was to present the underlying stellar-dynamical theory. Other lecturers were speaking on the role of bars and chemical evolution, so these topics are avoided here. We start with an account of the connections between isolating integrals, quasiperiodicity and angle-action variables - these variables played a unifying role throughout the lectures. This leads on to the phenomenon of resonant trapping and how this can lead to chaos in cuspy potentials and phase-space mixing in slowly evolving potentials. Surfaces of section and frequency analysis are introduced as diagnostics of phase-space structure. Real galactic potentials include a fluctuating part that drives the system towards unattainable thermal equilibrium. Two-body encounters are only one source of fluctuations, and all fluctuations will drive similar evolution. We derive the orbit-averaged Fokker-Planck equation and relations that hold between the second-order diffusion coefficients and both the power spectrum of the fluctuations and the first-order diffusion coefficients. From the observed heating of the solar neighbourhood we show that the second-order diffusion coefficients must scale as J^{1/2}. We show that periodic spiral structure shifts angular momentum outwards, heating at the Lindblad resonances and mixing at corotation. The equation that would yield the normal modes of a stellar disc is first derived and then used to discuss the propagation of tightly-wound spiral waves. The winding up of such waves is explains why cool stellar discs are responsive systems that amplify ambient noise. An explanation is offered of why the Lin-Shu-Kalnajs dispersion relation and even global normal-mode calculations provide a very incomplete understanding of the dynamics of stellar discs.

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