Laurent Delisle, Véronique Hussin
We consider the resolution of the $\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetric KdV equation with $a=-2$ ($SKdV_{a=-2}$) from the Hirota formalism. For the first time, a bilinear form of the $SKdV_{a=-2}$ equation is constructed. We construct multisoliton solutions and rational similarity solutions.
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We consider the resolution of the N=2 supersymmetric KdV equation with a=-2 (SKdV_{a=-2}) from two approaches, the group invariant method (or symmetry reduction) and the Hirota formalism. A bilinear form of the SKdV_{a=-2} equation is constructed. Links between the two methods are established and new solutions are obtained from both approaches.
We present a bilinear Hirota representation of the N=2 supersymmetric extension of the Korteweg-de Vries equation. This representation is deduced using binary Bell polynomials, hierarchies and fermionic limits. We, also, propose a new approach for the generalisation of the Hirota bilinear formalism in the N=2 supersymmetric context.
It has been unknown whether Hirota's discrete Korteweg-de Vries equation and the lattice sine-Gordon equation have the consistency around a cube (CAC) property. In this paper, we show that they have the CAC property. Moreover, we also show that they can be extended to systems on the 3-dimensional integer lattice.
We study the integrability of a family of birational maps obtained as reductions of the discrete Hirota equation, which are related to travelling wave solutions of the lattice KdV equation. In particular, for reductions corresponding to waves moving with rational speed N/M on the lattice, where N,M are coprime integers, we prove the Liouville integrability of the maps when N + M is odd, and prove various properties of the general case. There are two main ingredients to our construction: the cluster algebra associated with each of the Hirota bilinear equations, which provides invariant (pre)sym…
It is shown that one system of coupled KdV equations, found in J. Nonlin. Math. Phys., 1999, Vol.6, Nr.3, 255--262 [arXiv:solv-int/9901005] to possess the Painlevé property, is integrable but not new.
It is shown that the system of two coupled Korteweg-de Vries equations passes the Painlevé test for integrability in nine distinct cases of its coefficients. The integrability of eight cases is verified by direct construction of Lax pairs, whereas for one case it remains unknown.
We consider a system of two coupled KdV equations (one for left-movers, the other for right-movers) and investigate its ultra-relativistic and non-relativistic limits in the sense of BMS$_3$/GCA$_2$ symmetry. We show that there is no local ultra-relativistic limit of the system with positive energy, regardless of the coupling constants in the original relativistic Hamiltonian. By contrast, local non-relativistic limits with positive energy exist, provided there is a non-zero coupling between left- and right-movers. In these limits, the wave equations reduce to Hirota-Satsuma dynamics (of type …
Solutions to an autonomous discrete KdV equation via Painlevé-type ordinary difference equations
本文通过Painlevé型常微分方程求解带有额外参数的离散KdV方程，获得两种精确解。
We study to unify soliton systems, KdV/mKdV/sinh-Gordon, through SO(2,1) $\cong$ GL(2,$\mathbb R$) $\cong$ Möbius group point of view, which might be a keystone to exactly solve some special non-linear differential equations. If we construct the $N$-soliton solutions through the KdV type Bäcklund transformation, we can transform different KdV/mKdV/sinh-Gordon equations and the Bäcklund transformations of the standard form into the same common Hirota form and the same common Bäcklund transformation except the equation which has the time-derivative term. The difference is only the time-dependenc…
In order to find higher dimensional integrable models, we study differential equations of hyperelliptic $\wp$ functions up to genus four. For genus two, differential equations of hyperelliptic $\wp$ functions can be written in the Hirota form. If the genus is more than one, we have KdV equation. If the genus is more than two, we have KdV and another KdV equations. If the genus becomes more than three, there appear differential equations which cannot be written in the Hirota form, which means that the Hirota form is not enough to characterize the integrable differential equations. We have shown…
The new generalized Harry Dym equation, recently introduced by Z. Popowicz in Phys. Lett. A 317, 260--264 (2003), is transformed into the Hirota--Satsuma system of coupled KdV equations.
Hirota's discrete KdV equation is an integrable partial difference equation on $\mathbb{Z}^2$, which approaches the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation in a continuum limit. In this paper, we show that its multiplicative-discrete versions have the special solutions given by the solutions of $q$-Painlevé equations of types $A_J^{(1)}$ $(J=3,4,5,6)$.
We prove that Mathieu's N=2 supersymmetric Korteweg-de Vries equations with a=1 or a=4 admit Hirota's n-supersoliton solutions, whose nonlinear interaction does not produce any phase shifts. For initial profiles that can not be distinguished from a one-soliton solution at times t<<0, we reveal the possibility of a spontaneous decay and, within a finite time, transformation into a solitonic solution with a different wave number. This paradoxal effect is realized by the completely integrable N=2 super-KdV systems, whenever the initial soliton is loaded with other solitons that are virtual and be…
We prove that one system of coupled KdV equations, claimed by Hirota, Hu, and Tang to pass the Painleve test for integrability, actually fails the test at the highest resonance of the generic branch and therefore must be non-integrable.
Extending the gauge-invariance principle for $τ$ functions of the standard bilinear formalism to the supersymmetric case, we define ${\cal N}=1$ supersymmetric Hirota bilinear operators. Using them we bilinearize supersymmetric nonlinear evolution equations. The super-soliton solutions are discussed. As a quite strange paradox it is shown that the Lax integrable supersymmetric KdV of Manin-Radul-Mathieu equation does not possesses N super-soliton solution for $N\geq 3$ for arbitrary parameters. Only for a particular choice of them the N super-soliton solution exists.
Noncommutative discrete equations, symmetries and reductions
本文利用非交换离散KdV方程的Lax对构造广义对称与Miura变换，通过对称约化得到非交换离散Painlevé方程和推广的Ernst方程，并建立Darboux变换、自Bäcklund变换与非交换Yang–Baxter映射的联系。
We show that eigenvalues of the family of Baxter Q-operators for supersymmetric integrable spin chains constructed with the gl(K|M)-invariant $R$-matrix obey the Hirota bilinear difference equation. The nested Bethe ansatz for super spin chains, with any choice of simple root system, is then treated as a discrete dynamical system for zeros of polynomial solutions to the Hirota equation. Our basic tool is a chain of Backlund transformations for the Hirota equation connecting quantum transfer matrices. This approach also provides a systematic way to derive the complete set of generalized Baxter …
The Hirota-Miwa equation can be written in `nonlinear' form in two ways: the discrete KP equation and, by using a compatible continuous variable, the discrete potential KP equation. For both systems, we consider the Darboux and binary Darboux transformations, expressed in terms of the continuous variable, and obtain exact solutions in Wronskian and Grammian form. We discuss reductions of both systems to the discrete KdV and discrete potential KdV equations, respectively, and exploit this connection to find the Darboux and binary Darboux transformations and exact solutions of these equations.
A novel Hirota bilinear approach to $N=2$ supersymmetric equations
本文提出一种新的 Hirota 双线性方法，直接处理 $N=2$ 超对称 KdV 和 Burgers 方程，避免分裂为 $N=1$ 方程，利用超 Bell 多项式获得双线性表示和多孤子解。
Darboux Wronskian solutions of Ito typed coupled KdV equation with exact solitonic solutions and conserved densities
本文在Darboux框架下推导Ito型耦合KdV方程的Wronskian形式的N重Darboux变换，获得零背景下精确多孤子解，并推导含守恒密度的连续性方程。
The N=2 supercomformal transformations are employed to study supersymmetric integrable systems. It is proved that two known N=2 supersymmetric Harry Dym equations are transformed into two N=2 supersymmetric modified Kortweg-de Vries equations, thus are connected with two N=2 supersymmetric Kortweg-de Vries equations.
For the supersymmetric KdV equation, a proper Darboux transformation is presented. This Darboux transformation leads to the Bäcklund transformation found early by Liu and Xie \cite{liu2}. The Darboux transformation and the related Bäcklund transformation are used to construct integrable super differential-difference and difference-difference systems. The continuum limits of these discrete systems and of their Lax pairs are also considered.
A supersymmetric breaking procedure for $N=1$ Super KdV, using a Clifford algebra, is implemented. Dirac's method for the determination of constraints is used to obtain the Hamiltonian structure, via a Lagrangian, for the resulting solitonic system of coupled Korteweg-de Vries type system. It is shown that the Hamiltonian obtained by this procedure is bounded from below and in that sense represents a model which is physically admissible.
The N=2 supersymmetric α=1 KdV hierarchy in N=2 superspace is considered and its rich symmetry structure is uncovered. New nonpolynomial and nonlocal, bosonic and fermionic symmetries and Hamiltonians, bi-Hamiltonian structure as well as a recursion operator connecting all symmetries and Hamiltonian structures of the N=2 α=1 KdV hierarchy are constructed in explicit form. It is observed that the algebra of symmetries of the N=2 supersymmetric α=1 KdV hierarchy possesses two different subalgebras of N=2 supersymmetry.
The paper presents two results. First it is shown how the discrete potential modified KdV equation and its Lax pairs in matrix form arise from the Hirota-Miwa equation by a 2-periodic reduction. Then Darboux transformations and binary Darboux transformations are derived for the discrete potential modified KdV equation and it is shown how these may be used to construct exact solutions.
We produce soliton and similarity solutions of supersymmetric extensions of Burgers, Korteweg-de Vries and modified KdV equations. We give new representations of the $τ$-functions in Hirota bilinear formalism. Chiral superfields are used to obtain such solutions. We also introduce new solitons called virtual solitons whose nonlinear interactions produce no phase shifts.
We continue the study of the quantization of supersymmetric integrable KdV hierarchies. We consider the N=2 KdV model based on the $sl^{(1)}(2|1)$ affine algebra but with a new algebraic construction for the L-operator, different from the standard Drinfeld-Sokolov reduction. We construct the quantum monodromy matrix satisfying a special version of the reflection equation and show that in the classical limit, this object gives the monodromy matrix of N=2 supersymmetric KdV system. We also show that at both the classical and the quantum levels, the trace of the monodromy matrix (transfer matrix)…
Using the theory developed by Kenig, Ponce, and Vega, we prove that the Hirota-Satsuma system is locally well-posed in Sobolev spaces $H^s(\mathbb{R}) \times H^{s}(\mathbb{R})$ for $3/4<s\le1$. We introduce some Bourgain-type spaces $X_{s,b}^a$ for $a\not =0$, $s,b \in \mathbb{R}$ to obtain local well-posedness for the Gear-Grimshaw system in $H^s(\mathbb{R})\times H^s(\mathbb{R})$ for $s>-3/4$, by establishing new mixed-bilinear estimates involving the two Bourgain-type spaces $X_{s,b}^{-α_-}$ and $X_{s,b}^{-α_+}$ adapted to $\partial_t+α_-\partial_x^3$ and $\partial_t+α_+\partial_x^3$ respec…
Extensions of dark KdV equations: nonhomogeneous classifications, bosonizations of fermionic systems and supersymmetric dark systems
本文以KdV方程为例，将dark方程扩展至非齐次、非线性耦合和分级线性情形，完成了非齐次线性耦合系统的分类，并通过玻色化方法和高维系统分解生成多种dark系统，最终扩展至超对称dark KdV系统并给出完全分类。
The Poisson structure of a coupled system arising from a supersymmetric breaking of N=1 Super KdV equations is obtained. The supersymmetric breaking is implemented by introducing a Clifford algebra instead of a Grassmann algebra. The Poisson structure follows from the Dirac brackets obtained by the constraint analysis of the hamiltonian of the system. The coupled system has multisolitonic solutions. We show that the one soliton solutions are Liapunov stable.
We investigate the quasi-integrability properties of various deformations of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation, depending on two parameters $\varepsilon_1$ and $\varepsilon_2$, which include among them the regularized long-wave (RLW) and modified regularized long-wave (mRLW) equations. We show, using analytical and numerical methods, that the charges, constructed from a deformation of the zero curvature equation for the KdV equation, are asymptotically conserved for various values of the deformation parameters. By that we mean that, despite the fact that the charges do vary in time during t…
Hamiltonian formulation of the supersymmetric KdV equation
本文研究了超对称KdV方程的约束哈密顿形式，发现非平凡拉格朗日描述，并通过Dirac-Bergmann算法确定了全部主次约束，构建了总哈密顿量，展示了其与分量形式的自洽性。
We reduce the vectorial binary Darboux transformation for the Manin-Radul supersymmetric KdV system in such a way that it preserves the Manin-Radul-Mathieu supersymmetric KdV equation reduction. Expressions in terms of bosonic Pfaffians are provided for transformed solutions and wave functions. We also consider the implications of these results for the supersymmetric sine-Gordon equation.
Bosonization approach to the classical supersymmetric systems is presented. By introducing the multi-fermionic parameters in the expansions of the superfields, the $\mathcal {N}=1$ supersymmetric KdV (sKdV) equations are transformed to a system of coupled bosonic equations. The method can be applied to any fermionic systems. By solving the coupled bosonic equations, some novel types of exact solutions can be explicitly obtained. Especially, the richness of the localized excitations of the supersymmetric integrable system are discovered. The rich multi-soliton solutions obtained here have not y…
We introduce a two-parameter family of birational maps, which reduces to a family previously found by Demskoi, Tran, van der Kamp and Quispel (DTKQ) when one of the parameters is set to zero. The study of the singularity confinement pattern for these maps leads to the introduction of a tau function satisfying a homogeneous recurrence which has the Laurent property, and the tropical (or ultradiscrete) analogue of this homogeneous recurrence confirms the quadratic degree growth found empirically by Demskoi et al. We prove that the tau function also satisfies two different bilinear equations, eac…
Using methods of math.DG/0304245 and [I.S.Krasil'shchik and P.H.M.Kersten, Symmetries and recursion operators for classical and supersymmetric differential equations, Kluwer, 2000], we accomplish an extensive study of the N=1 supersymmetric Korteweg-de Vries equation. The results include: a description of local and nonlocal Hamiltonian and symplectic structures, five hierarchies of symmetries, the corresponding hierarchies of conservation laws, recursion operators for symmetries and generating functions of conservation laws. We stress that the main point of the paper is not just the results on…
A supersymmetric breaking procedure for N=1 Super KdV, preserving the positivity of the hamiltonian as well as the existence of solitonic solutions, is implemented. The resulting integrable system is shown to have nice stability properties.
The celebrated (1+1)-dimensional Korteweg de-Vries (KdV) equation and its (2+1)-dimensional extention, the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation, are two of the most important models in physical science. The KP hierarchy is explicitly written out by means of the linearized operator of the KP equation. A novel (2+1)-dimensional KdV extension, the cKP3-4 equation, is obtained by combining the third member (KP3, the usual KP equation) and the fourth member (KP4) of the KP hierarchy. The integrability of the cKP3-4 equation is guaranteed by the existence of the Lax pair and dual Lax pair. The cKP3-…
It is shown that the one-dimensional generalized N=4 supersymmetric Toda lattice (TL) hierarchy (nlin.Si/0311030) contains the N=4 super-KdV hierarchy with the first flow time in the role of space coordinate. Two different N=2 superfield forms of the generalized N=4 supersymmetric TL equation, which are useful when solving the N=4 super-KdV and (1,1)-GNLS hierarchies, are discussed.
Supersymmetry is formulated for integrable models based on the $sl(2|1)$ loop algebra endowed with a principal gradation. The symmetry transformations which have half-integer grades generate supersymmetry. The $sl(2|1)$ loop algebra leads to N=2 supersymmetric mKdV and sinh-Gordon equations. The corresponding N=1 mKdV and sinh-Gordon equations are obtained via reduction induced by twisted automorphism. Our method allows for a description of a non-local symmetry structure of supersymmetric integrable models.
The Painlevé analysis of a generic multiparameter N=2 extension of the Korteweg-de Vries equation is presented. Unusual aspects of the analysis, pertaining to the presence of two fermionic fields, are emphasized. For the general class of models considered, we find that the only ones which manifestly pass the test are precisely the four known integrable supersymmetric KdV equations, including the SKdV$_1$ case.
In this paper, we propose the study of the Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli equation from two point of views: the classical and supersymmetric cases. In the classical case, we construct new solutions of this equation from Wronskian formalism and Hirota method. We, then, introduce a N = 1 supersymmetric extension of the Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli equation. We thus produce a bilinear form and give multisolitons and superpartner solutions. As an application, we produce a pair of Bäcklund transformations.
A new transformation $u=4 ({\rm ln}f)_x$ that can formulate a quintic linear equation and a pair of Hirota's bilinear equations for the (2+1)-dimensional Sawada-Kotera (2DSK) equation is reported firstly, which enables one to obtain a new hierarchy of multiple soliton solutions of the 2DSK equation. It tells a crucial fact that a nonlinear partial differential equation could possess two hierarchies of multiple soliton solutions and the 2DSK equation is the first and only one found in this paper. The quintic linear equation is solved by a pair of Hirota's bilinear equations, of which one is the…
We analyse the non-abelian algebra and the supersymmetric cohomology associated to the local and non-local conserved charges of N=1 SKdV under Poisson brackets. We then consider the breaking of the supersymmetry and obtain an integrable model in terms of Clifford algebra valued fields. We discuss the remaining conserved charges of the new system and the stability of the solitonic solutions.
Using the group-theoretical approach to the inverse scattering method the supersymmetric Korteweg-de Vries equation is obtained by application of the Drinfeld-Sokolov reduction to osp(1|2) loop superalgebra. The direct and inverse scattering problems are discussed for the corresponding Lax pair.
We show that the three strings vertex coefficients in light--cone open string field theory satisfy the Hirota equations for the dispersionless Toda lattice hierarchy. We show that Hirota equations allow us to calculate the correlators of an associated quantum system where the Neumann coefficients represent the two--point functions. We consider next the three strings vertex coefficients of the light--cone string field theory on a maximally supersymmetric pp--wave background. Using the previous results we are able to show that these Neumann coefficients satisfy the Hirota equations for the full …
Large-space and long-time asymptotic behaviors of $N_{\infty}$-soliton solutions (soliton gas) for the focusing Hirota equation
本文解析研究聚焦Hirota方程的孤子气体（N→∞时N孤子解的极限）的大空间与长时间渐近行为，通过带离散谱约束的Riemann-Hilbert问题表征，得到其趋近雅可比椭圆波的误差及不同速度条件下的长时间渐近结果。
We discuss the possible relationship between geodesic flow, integrability and supersymmetry, using fermionic extensions of the KdV equation, as well as the recently introduced supersymmetrisation of the Camassa-Holm equation, as illustrative examples.
The quantization procedure for both N=1 and N=2 supersymmetric Korteweg-de Vries (SUSY KdV) hierarchies is constructed. Namely, the quantum counterparts of the monodromy matrices, built by means of the integrated vertex operators, are shown to satisfy a specialization of reflection equation, leading to the quantum integrable theory. The relation of such models to the study of integrable perturbed superconformal and topological models is discussed.
Employing the Hirota's method, a class of soliton solutions for the N=2 super mKdV equations is proposed in terms of a single Grassmann parameter. Such solutions are shown to satisfy two copies of N=1 supersymmetric mKdV equations connected by nontrivial algebraic identities. Using the super Miura transformation, we obtain solutions of the N=2 super KdV equations. These are shown to generalize solutions derived previously. By using the mKdV/sinh-Gordon hierarchy properties we generate the solutions of the N=2 super sinh-Gordon as well.
Two generalized Harry Dym equations, recently found by Brunelli, Das and Popowicz in the bosonic limit of new supersymmetric extensions of the Harry Dym hierarchy [J. Math. Phys. 44:4756--4767 (2003)], are transformed into previously known integrable systems: one--into a pair of decoupled KdV equations, the other one--into a pair of coupled mKdV equations from a bi-Hamiltonian hierarchy of Kupershmidt.
In this paper, we study supersymmetric or bi-superhamiltonian Euler equations related to the generalized Neveu-Schwarz algebra. As an application, we obtain several supersymmetric or bi-superhamiltonian generalizations of some well-known integrable systems including the coupled KdV equation, the 2-component Camassa-Holm equation and the 2-component Hunter-Saxton equation. To our knowledge, most of them are new.
A boundary-addition identity for Weil-Petersson volumes and their supersymmetric generalizations
本文推导出Weil-Petersson体积及其超对称推广的边界加法恒等式，将其与KdV层级关联，统一并推广了已知递推关系，并揭示了N=2和小N=4情形的相交理论描述。
We obtain an infinite sequence of bosonic non-local conserved quantities for the N=1 supersymmetric Korteweg-de Vries equation. It is generated from a bosonic non-local conserved quantity of Super Gardner equation. In distinction to the already known one with odd parity and dimension 1/2, it has even parity and dimension 1. It fits exactly in the supersymmetric cohomology in the space of conserved quantities that we also introduce here. Using results from this cohomology we obtain the Poisson bracket of several non-local conserved quantities, including the already known odd ones and the new ev…
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