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arXiv 1202.0281astro-ph.SR
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揭开超新星伪装者的面纱

Unmasking the Supernova Impostors

C. S. Kochanek, D. M. Szczygiel, K. Z. Stanek

摘要:

超新星冒名顶替者的典型图像是一个大质量恒星(M > 40 Msun)的-11 < M_V < -14的光学瞬变,在此期间恒星蒸发出一个致密的物质壳层。喷出物中形成的尘埃遮蔽了恒星。在这幅图中,壳层的几何膨胀导致了对光学深度演变的清晰预测,从而导致了光学到中红外辐射的演变。在此我们回顾了这个标准模型的理论,然后研究了冒充者SN 1954 J,SN 1997 bs,SN 1999 bw,SN 2000 ch,SN 2001 ac,SN 2002 bu,SN 2002 kg和SN 2003 gm,以及潜在的原型船底座η。SN 1999 bw、SN 2000 ch、SN 2001 ac、SN 2002 bu和SN 2003 gm都具有代表尘埃的中红外辐射,其中SN 1999 bw、SN 2001 ac、SN 2002 bu和SN 2003 gm的光度主要是尘埃辐射。这些源的性质与正则模型的预测基本上不一致。可能有两类来源。在一类(船底座η、SN 1954 J、SN 1997 bs和(可能)SN 2003 gm)中,光学瞬变是恒星进入一个质量损失率非常高的阶段的信号,这个阶段的持续时间必须比视觉瞬变长得多。第二类(SN 1999 bw、SN 2001 ac、SN 2002 bu和(可能)SN 2003 gm)具有SN 2008 S和2008 NGC 300瞬变的不同物理性质,它们被爆炸瞬变破坏后在预先存在的风中重新形成的尘埃所掩盖。没有任何情况下,在晚些时候的来源是显着暗淡比祖星。所有这些尘埃瞬变都发生在相对低质量(M <25 Msun)的恒星中,而不是像船底座η星那样辐射到爱丁顿极限附近的高质量(M > 40 Msun)恒星。没有近/中红外观测,这些瞬变的持续时间和能量学无法正确表征。

英文摘要:

(ABRIDGED) The canonical picture of a supernova impostor is a -11 < M_V < -14 optical transient from a massive (M > 40Msun) star during which the star ejects a dense shell of material. Dust formed in the ejecta then obscures the star. In this picture, the geometric expansion of the shell leads to clear predictions for the evolution of the optical depths and hence the evolution of the optical through mid-IR emissions. Here we review the theory of this standard model and then examine the impostors SN1954J, SN1997bs, SN1999bw, SN2000ch, SN2001ac, SN2002bu, SN2002kg and SN2003gm, as well as the potential archetype eta Carinae. SN1999bw, SN2000ch, SN2001ac, SN2002bu and SN2003gm all show mid-IR emission indicative of dust, and the luminosities of SN1999bw, SN2001ac, SN2002bu and SN2003gm are dominated by dust emission. The properties of these sources are broadly inconsistent with the predictions of the canonical model. There are probably two classes of sources. In one class (eta Carinae, SN1954J, SN1997bs, and (maybe) SN2003gm), the optical transient is a signal that the star is entering a phase with very high mass loss rates that must last far longer than the visual transient. The second class (SN1999bw, SN2001ac, SN2002bu and (maybe) SN2003gm) has the different physics of SN2008S and the 2008 NGC300 transient, where they are obscured by dust re-forming in a pre-existing wind after it was destroyed by an explosive transient. There are no cases where the source at late times is significantly fainter than the progenitor star. All these dusty transients are occurring in relatively low mass (M < 25Msun) stars rather than high mass (M > 40Msun) stars radiating near the Eddington limit like eta Carinae. The durations and energetics of these transients cannot be properly characterized without near/mid-IR observations.

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