用大型双筒望远镜寻找失败的超新星：确认一颗消失的恒星
The search for failed supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: confirmation of a disappearing star
摘要：
我们展示了哈勃太空望远镜的成像，证实了Gerke等人（2015）发现的失败超新星（SN）候选者的光学消失。这颗$\sim 25~M_{\odot}$红超巨星在2009年经历了一次微弱的$\sim 10^{6}~L_{\odot}$光学爆发，现在比光学上的祖星至少暗5个星等。自2004年第一次测量以来，中红外线通量已缓慢下降到最低水平。有微弱的（$2000-3000~L_{\odot}$）近红外发射可能与源有关。我们发现晚时间的源的演变是不一致的，从一个喷出的，尘埃壳遮蔽。光谱能量分布的模型表明，剩余的辐射热光度是$>6$倍，比祖先的亮度暗，并随着$\sim t^{-4/3}$而减少。我们的结论是，瞬态是不太可能是一个SN冒名顶替者或恒星合并。这一事件与一个失败的SN中的红超巨星的包络的喷射是一致的，并且后期的发射可能是由新形成的黑洞上的回退吸积提供动力的。未来的红外和X射线观测需要证实这颗恒星命运的解释。
英文摘要：
We present Hubble Space Telescope imaging confirming the optical disappearance of the failed supernova (SN) candidate identified by Gerke et al. (2015). This $\sim 25~M_{\odot}$ red supergiant experienced a weak $\sim 10^{6}~L_{\odot}$ optical outburst in 2009 and is now at least 5 magnitudes fainter than the progenitor in the optical. The mid-IR flux has slowly decreased to the lowest levels since the first measurements in 2004. There is faint ($2000-3000~L_{\odot}$) near-IR emission likely associated with the source. We find the late-time evolution of the source to be inconsistent with obscuration from an ejected, dusty shell. Models of the spectral energy distribution indicate that the remaining bolometric luminosity is $>6$ times fainter than that of the progenitor and is decreasing as $\sim t^{-4/3}$. We conclude that the transient is unlikely to be a SN impostor or stellar merger. The event is consistent with the ejection of the envelope of a red supergiant in a failed SN and the late-time emission could be powered by fallback accretion onto a newly-formed black hole. Future IR and X-ray observations are needed to confirm this interpretation of the fate for the star.
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