这里没有什么可看的：失败的超新星是微弱或罕见的
Nothing to see here: Failed supernovae are faint or rare
摘要：
没有IIP型核心坍缩超新星产生于17个太阳质量以上的祖先，这表明存在另一条大质量恒星结束生命的演化路径。恒星核心直接坍缩成黑洞而不产生明亮的爆炸性瞬变，预计会产生一种寿命长、暗淡的红色瞬变，称为失败的超新星。尽管近年来发现了许多消失的大质量恒星的候选者，但失败的超新星的确凿观测证据仍然难以捉摸。一个专门为探测微弱瞬变而设计的定制管道被用来重新分析PTF/ZTF调查中231个附近星系的10年观测结果。这种分析恢复了已知的超新星，并产生了一些有趣的瞬变。然而，这些都不符合失败的超新星。通过蒙特卡罗试验，对管道的采收率进行了量化。通过假设失败的超新星是作为一个泊松过程发生的，在数据集中没有探测到，失败的超新星的比率的95%上限被计算为失败的超新星绝对星等的函数。对于绝对星等分别为$-11$、$-12$、$-13$和$-14$的超新星，我们估计失败的超新星分别小于0.61、0.33、0.26或0.23的核心坍缩SN速率。最后，我们表明，如果他们存在，维拉C。鲁宾天文台将发现1.7 - 3.7失败的SNe每年的绝对辐射热光度$\sim 6 \times 10^{39} \textrm{ erg s}^{-1}$了距离33 - 43 Mpc，这取决于他们假设的光谱能量分布。
英文摘要：
The absence of Type IIP core-collapse supernovae arising from progenitors above 17 solar masses suggests the existence of another evolutionary path by which massive stars end their lives. The direct collapse of a stellar core to a black hole without the production of a bright, explosive transient is expected to produce a long-lived, dim, red transient known as a failed supernova. Despite the detection of a number of candidates for disappearing massive stars in recent years, conclusive observational evidence for failed supernovae remains elusive. A custom-built pipeline designed for the detection of faint transients is used to re-analyse 10 years of observations of 231 nearby galaxies from the PTF/ZTF surveys. This analysis recovers known supernovae, and yields a number of interesting transients. However, none of these are consistent with a failed supernova. Through Monte Carlo tests the recovery efficiency of our pipeline is quantified. By assuming failed supernovae occur as a Poissonian process with zero detections in the data set, 95 per cent upper limits to the rate of failed supernovae are calculated as a function of failed supernova absolute magnitude. We estimate failed supernovae to be less than 0.61, 0.33, 0.26, or 0.23 of the core-collapse SN rate for absolute magnitudes of $-11$, $-12$, $-13$, and $-14$ respectively. Finally, we show that if they exist, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory will find 1.7 - 3.7 failed SNe per year for an absolute bolometric luminosity of $\sim 6 \times 10^{39} \textrm{ erg s}^{-1}$ out to distances of 33 - 43 Mpc, depending on their assumed spectral energy distribution.
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