超新星冒名顶替者冒名顶替者SN 1961 V：斯皮策证明茨维基是正确的（再次）
The Supernova Impostor Impostor SN 1961V: Spitzer Shows That Zwicky Was Right (Again)
摘要：
SN 1961 V是兹威基定义的V型超新星（SN）之一，是NGC 1058中一个特殊的瞬变现象，它被不同地归类为真正的核心坍缩SN留下黑洞（BH）或中子星（NS）遗迹，或发光蓝变星（LBV）的爆发。前一种情况是由它与一个衰减的非热射电源的关联所提出的，而后者则是由它独特的瞬态光变曲线和它的低初始膨胀速度所提出的。关键的区别是，恒星在短暂的爆发中幸存下来，而不是SN。所有被确认为可能幸存者的恒星在光学波长上都比L_opt ~ 3 10^6 Lsun的祖先恒星暗得多，L_opt ~ 10^5 Lsun。虽然这可以用瞬变过程中喷射出的物质壳层中的尘埃吸收来解释，但幸存者必须以L_IR ~ 3 10^6 Lsun的中红外源存在。使用档案斯皮策观察该地区，我们表明，这样一个明亮的中红外光源是不存在的。最明亮的尘埃辐射源只有L_IR ~ 10^5 Lsun，与先前发现的幸存恒星候选者不一致。尘埃不能被制造得足够远和冷以避免被探测到，除非喷射能量、质量和速度尺度是SN或更大。SN 1961 V是一颗奇特但真实的超新星。其特点可能是由于增强质量损失之前的SN，其次是SN爆炸波与此喷出物的相互作用。这增加了一个证据，即有一个人口的SN祖细胞，有重大的质量损失事件前不久核心崩溃。它的前身是一颗低金属量、约1/3太阳、高质量、M_ZAMS > 80 Msun的恒星，这意味着BH的形成可能伴随着SN，或者质量惊人的高恒星可以形成NS。
英文摘要：
SN 1961V, one of Zwicky's defining Type V supernovae (SN), was a peculiar transient in NGC 1058 that has variously been categorized as either a true core collapse SN leaving a black hole (BH) or neutron star (NS) remnant, or an eruption of a luminous blue variable (LBV) star. The former case is suggested by its association with a decaying non-thermal radio source, while the latter is suggested by its peculiar transient light curve and its low initial expansion velocities. The crucial difference is that the star survives a transient eruption but not an SN. All stars identified as possible survivors are significantly fainter, L_opt ~ 10^5 Lsun, than the L_opt ~ 3 10^6 Lsun progenitor star at optical wavelengths. While this can be explained by dust absorption in a shell of material ejected during the transient, the survivor must then be present as a L_IR ~ 3 10^6 Lsun mid-infrared source. Using archival Spitzer observations of the region, we show that such a luminous mid-IR source is not present. The brightest source of dust emission is only L_IR ~ 10^5 Lsun and does not correspond to the previously identified candidates for the surviving star. The dust cannot be made sufficiently distant and cold to avoid detection unless the ejection energy, mass and velocity scales are those of a SN or greater. We conclude that SN 1961V was a peculiar, but real, supernova. Its peculiarities are probably due to enhanced mass loss just prior to the SN, followed by the interactions of the SN blast wave with this ejecta. This adds to the evidence that there is a population of SN progenitors that have major mass loss episodes shortly before core collapse. The progenitor is a low metallicity, ~1/3 solar, high mass, M_ZAMS > 80 Msun, star, which means either that BH formation can be accompanied by an SN or that surprisingly high mass stars can form a NS.
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