宇宙核心坍缩的超新星速率与大质量恒星形成速率不匹配
The Cosmic Core-collapse Supernova Rate does not match the Massive-Star Formation Rate
摘要：
我们确定了一个“超新星速率问题”：测量的宇宙核心坍缩超新星速率是一个因素的~ 2小（与显着性~ 2西格玛）比从测量的宇宙超新星形成率预测。这种比较对于从星系演化和富集到中子星和黑洞丰度的主题至关重要。我们系统地探索可能的解决方案。恒星形成率数据的准确性和精确性以及转换为超新星速率的准确性和精确性得到了很好的支持，拟议的修改将产生深远的影响。主要的影响可能是许多超新星被错过了，因为它们要么是光学暗淡（低光度）或黑暗，无论是固有的还是由于遮蔽。我们调查超新星太暗，已被发现在宇宙调查的详细研究所有超新星发现在本地卷。如果包括可能的超新星冒名顶替者，那么暗超新星是足够常见的分数来解决超新星速率问题。如果它们不包括在内，那么暗核坍缩的速度可能很大。其他的替代方案是，我们对恒星形成或超新星速率的理解发生了令人惊讶的变化，包括超新星在小星系中的形成方式与正常星系不同。这些可能性可以通过即将到来的超新星调查，恒星形成测量，寻找消失的大质量恒星和超新星中微子的测量来区分。
英文摘要：
We identify a "supernova rate problem": the measured cosmic core-collapse supernova rate is a factor of ~ 2 smaller (with significance ~ 2 sigma) than that predicted from the measured cosmic massive-star formation rate. The comparison is critical for topics from galaxy evolution and enrichment to the abundance of neutron stars and black holes. We systematically explore possible resolutions. The accuracy and precision of the star formation rate data and conversion to the supernova rate are well supported, and proposed changes would have far-reaching consequences. The dominant effect is likely that many supernovae are missed because they are either optically dim (low-luminosity) or dark, whether intrinsically or due to obscuration. We investigate supernovae too dim to have been discovered in cosmic surveys by a detailed study of all supernova discoveries in the local volume. If possible supernova impostors are included, then dim supernovae are common enough by fraction to solve the supernova rate problem. If they are not included, then the rate of dark core collapses is likely substantial. Other alternatives are that there are surprising changes in our understanding of star formation or supernova rates, including that supernovae form differently in small galaxies than in normal galaxies. These possibilities can be distinguished by upcoming supernova surveys, star formation measurements, searches for disappearing massive stars, and measurements of supernova neutrinos.
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