We find polarization modes of gravitational waves in topologically massive and new massive gravities by using the Newman-Penrose formalism where the null real tetrad is necessary to specify gravitational waves. The number of polarization modes is two for the new massive gravity and one for the topologically massive gravity, which is consistent with the metric-perturbation approach.
The 2-parameter family of massive variants of Einstein's gravity (on a Minkowski background) found by Ogievetsky and Polubarinov by excluding lower spins can also be derived using universal coupling. A Dirac-Bergmann constrained dynamics analysis seems not to have been presented for these theories, the Freund-Maheshwari-Schonberg special case, or any other massive gravity beyond the linear level treated by Marzban, Whiting and van Dam. Here the Dirac-Bergmann apparatus is applied to these theories. A few remarks are made on the question of positive energy. Being bimetric, massive gravities hav…
A conserved current for generic quadratic curvature gravitational models is defined, and it is shown that, at the linearized level, it corresponds to the Deser-Tekin charges. An explicit expression for the charge for new massive gravity in three dimensions is given. Some implications of the linearized equations are discussed.
Both particle physics and the 1890s Seeliger-Neumann modification of Newtonian gravity suggest considering a "mass term" for gravity, yielding a finite range due to an exponentially decaying Yukawa potential. Unlike Nordström's "massless" theory, massive scalar gravities are strictly Special Relativistic, being invariant under the Poincaré group but not the conformal group. Geometry is a poor guide to understanding massive scalar gravities: matter sees a conformally flat metric, but gravity also sees the rest of the flat metric, barely, in the mass term. Infinitely many theories exhibit this b…
The spatial covariant gravities provide a natural way to including odd-order spatial derivative terms into the gravitational action, which breaks the parity symmetry at gravitational sector. A lot of parity-violating scalar-tensor theories can be mapped to the spatial covariant framework by imposing the unitary gauge. This provides us with a general framework for exploring the parity-violating effects in primordial gravitational waves (PGWs). The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the polarization of PGWs in the spatial covariant gravities and their possible observational effects. To…
We show that locally Lorentz invariant, third order, topological massive gravity can not be broken down neither to the local diffeomorphism subgroup nor to the rigid Poincaré group. On the other hand, the recently formulated, locally diffeomorphism invariant, second order massive triadic (translational) Chern-Simons gravity breaks down on rigid Minkowski space to a double massive spin-two system. This flat double massive action is the uniform spin-two generalization of the Maxwell-Chern-Simons-Proca system which one is left with after U(1) abelian gauge invariance breaks down in the presence o…
We consider a manifold endowed with two different vielbeins $E^{A}{}_μ$ and $L^{A}{}_μ$ corresponding to two different metrics $g_{μν}$ and $f_{μν}$. Such a situation arises generically in bimetric or massive gravity (including the recently discussed version of de Rham, Gabadadze and Tolley), as well as in perturbative quantum gravity where one vielbein parametrizes the background space-time and the other the dynamical degrees of freedom. We determine the conditions under which the relation $g^{μν} E^{A}{}_μ L^{B}{}_ν = g^{μν} E^{B}{}_μ L^{A}{}_ν$ can be imposed (or the "Deser-van Nieuwenhuize…
In this paper, we investigate the growth rates of action for the anti-de Sitter black holes in massive-Einstein gravity models and obtain the universal behaviors of the growth rates of action (the rates of holographic complexity) within the "Wheeler-DeWitt"(WDW) patch at the late limit. Furthermore, we find that, for the static neutral cases, when the same mass of black holes is given, the computational speed of the neutral massive black hole is the same as its Einstein gravity counterpart, which is independent with the effect of the graviton mass terms, nevertheless, for the static charged ca…
We construct explicit solutions for the linearized massive and massless spin-2, vector and scalar modes around the AdS spacetimes in diverse dimensions. These modes may arise in extended (super)gravities with higher curvature terms in general dimensions. Log modes in critical gravities can also be straightforwardly deduced. We analyze the properties of these modes and obtain the tachyon-free condition, which allows negative mass square for these modes. However, such modes may not satisfy the standard AdS boundary condition and can be truncated out from the spectrum.
Klein-Gordon gravity, 1920s-30s particle physics, and 1890s Neumann-Seeliger modified gravity suggest a "graviton mass term" *algebraic* in the potential. Unlike Nordström's "massless" theory, massive scalar gravity is invariant under the Poincaré group but not the 15-parameter conformal group. It thus exhibits the whole Minkowski space-time structure, indirectly for volumes. Massive scalar gravity is plausible as a field theory, but violates Einstein's principles of general covariance, general relativity, equivalence, and Mach. Geometry is a poor guide: matter sees a conformally flat metric d…
We show that the higher order gravity model proposed by Meissner and Olechowski has a graviton mode, a massive spin-two excitation and no scalar mode in a maximally symmetric spacetime; therefore, by choosing the coefficients, we can construct a Lagrangian for `critical gravity' from higher order terms of curvatures in higher dimensions. We also give a comment on construction of the theory with multi-criticality in higher order gravities.
We consider extended cosmological gravities with Ricci tensor and scalar squared terms in diverse dimensions. These theories admit solutions of Einstein metrics, including the Schwarzschild-Tangherlini AdS black holes, whose mass and entropy vanish at the critical point. We perform linearized analysis around the black holes and show that in general the spectrum consists of the usual spin-2 massless and ghost massive modes. We demonstrate that there is no exponentially-growing tachyon mode in the black holes. At the critical point, the massless spin-2 modes have zero energy whilst the massive s…
It is shown that modified gravity theories with a Lagrangian composed of the three quadratic invariants of the Riemann curvature tensor are not appropriate. The field equations are either incompatible and/or irregular [like f(R)-gravities], or, if compatible, lead to the linear instability of polarizations relating to the Weyl tensor. A more relevant modification is the frame field theory, namely the best and unique variant of Absolute Parallelism; it has no free parameters (D=5 is a must) and no singularities arising in solutions. I sketch few remarkable features of this theory.
Using "complexity=action" proposal we study complexity growth of certain gravitational theories containing higher derivative terms. These include critical gravity in diverse dimensions. One observes that the complexity growth for neutral black holes saturates the proposed bound when the results are written in terms of physical quantities of the model. We will also study effects of shock wave to the complexity growth where we find that the presence of massive spin-2 mode slows down the rate of growth.
We study the parameter space of D-dimensional cosmological Einstein gravity together with quadratic curvature terms. In D>4 there are in general two distinct (anti)-de Sitter vacua. We show that for appropriate choice of the parameters there exists a critical point for one of the vacua, for which there are only massless tensor, but neither massive tensor nor scalar, gravitons. At criticality, the linearized excitations have vanishing energy (as do black hole solutions). A further restriction of the parameters gives a one-parameter cosmological Einstein plus Weyl^2 model with a unique vacuum, w…
By including appropriate Riemman cubic invariants, we find that the dynamics of classical time crystals can be straightforwardly realized in Einstein gravity on the FLRW metric. The time reflection symmetry is spontaneously broken in the two vacua with the same scale factor $a$, but opposite $\dot a$. The tunneling from one vacuum to the other provides a robust mechanism for bounce universes; it always occurs for systems with positive energy density. For suitable matter energy-momentum tensor we also construct cyclic universes. Cosmological solutions that resemble the classical time crystals c…
We calculate the gravity one-loop partition function of three-dimensional parity even tricritical gravity. Agreement with logarithmic conformal field theory single-particle partition functions on the field theory side is found and we furthermore discover a partially massless limit of linearized six-derivative parity even gravity. Then we define a "truncation" of the critical theory, at the level of the partition function, by calculating black hole determinants via summation over quasi-normal mode spectra and discriminating against those modes which are not present in the physical spectrum. Thi…
The direct discovery of gravitational waves (GWs) from the coalescence of compact binary components by the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA Collaboration provides an unprecedented opportunity for exploring the underlying theory of gravity that drives the coalescence process in the strong and highly dynamical field regime of gravity. In this paper, we consider the observational effects of spatial covariant gravities on the propagation of GWs in the cosmological background and obtain the observational constraints on coupling coefficients in the action of spatial covariant gravities from GW observations. We firs…
As an extension of our previous work [J.Qiao, T.Zhu, W.Zhao & A.Wang, arXiv:1909.03815], in this article, we calculate the effects of parity violation on gravitational-wave (GW) waveforms during their propagation in the most general parity-violating gravities, including Chern-Simons modified gravity, ghost-free scalar-tensor gravity, symmetric teleparallel equivalence of GR theory, Hořava-Lifshitz gravity and so on. For this purpose, we consider the GWs generated by the coalescence of compact binaries and concentrate on the imprints of the parity violation in the propagation of GWs. With a uni…
Einstein's equations in a tetrad formulation are derived from a linear theory in flat spacetime with an asymmetric potential using free field gauge invariance, local Lorentz invariance and universal coupling. The gravitational potential can be either covariant or contravariant and of almost any density weight. These results are adapted to produce universally coupled massive variants of Einstein's equations, yielding two one-parameter families of distinct theories with spin 2 and spin 0. The theories derived, upon fixing the local Lorentz gauge freedom, are seen to be a subset of those found by…
We introduce the Vainshtein mechanism which plays a crucial role in massive gravities, as well as in related theories such as Galileons and their extensions. This mechanism, also known as k-mouflage, allows to hide via non linear effects - typically for source distances smaller than a so-called Vainshtein radius which depends on the source and on the theory considered - some degrees of freedom whose effects are then only left important at large distances, e.g. for cosmology. It is introduced here in non linear Fierz-Pauli theories (massive gravities), including the dRGT theories, in their deco…
Gravitational waves (GWs) provide an excellent opportunity to test the gravity in the strong gravitational fields. In this article, we calculate the waveform of GWs, produced by the coalescence of compact binaries, in an extension of the Chern-Simons gravity by including higher derivatives of the coupling scalar field. By comparing the two circular polarization modes, we find the effects of amplitude birefringence and velocity birefringence of GWs in their propagation caused by the parity violation in gravity, which are explicitly presented in the GW waveforms by the amplitude and phase modifi…
We consider the generic massless cubic gravities coupled to a negative bare cosmological constant mainly in $D=5$ and $D=4$ dimensions, which are Einstein gravity extended with cubic curvature invariants where the linearized excited spectrum around the AdS background contains no massive modes. The generic massless cubic gravities are more general than Myers quasi-topological gravity in $D=5$ and Einsteinian cubic gravity in $D=4$. It turns out that the massless cubic gravities admit the black holes at least in a perturbative sense with the coupling constants of the cubic terms becoming infinit…
We implement a universal method for renormalizing AdS gravity actions applicable to arbitrary higher curvature theories in up to five dimensions. The renormalization procedure considers the extrinsic counterterm for Einstein-AdS gravity given by the Kounterterms scheme, but with a theory-dependent coupling constant that is fixed by the requirement of renormalization for the vacuum solution. This method is shown to work for a generic higher curvature gravity with arbitrary couplings except for a zero measure subset, which includes well-known examples where the asymptotic behavior is modified an…
We construct and study the vacuum polarization, $\langle ϕ^{2}\rangle_{D},$ of the quantized massive scalar field with a general curvature coupling parameter in higher-dimensional static and spherically-symmetric black hole spacetimes, with a special emphasis put on the electrically charged Tangherlini solutions and the extremal and ultraextremal configurations. For $4 \leq D \leq 7$ the explicit analytic expressions for the vacuum polarization are given. For the conformally coupled fields the relation between the trace of the stress-energy tensor and the vacuum polarization is examined, which…
In Rindler space, we determine in terms of special functions the expression of the static, massive scalar or vector field generated by a point source. We find also an explicit integral expression of the induced electrostatic potential resulting from the vacuum polarization due to an electric charge at rest in the Rindler coordinates. For a weak acceleration, we give then an approximate expression in the Fermi coordinates associated with the uniformly accelerated observer.
We investigate the detectability of massive mode of polarization of Gravitational Waves (GWs) in f(R) theory of gravity associated with Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) sources. We obtain the beam pattern function of Laser Interferometric Gravitational wave Observatory (LIGO) corresponding to the massive polarization of GWs and perform Bayesian analysis to study this polarization. It is found that the massive polarization component with a mass of 10^-22eV/c2 is too weak to be detected at LIGO with its current configuration.
Vacuum polarization of massive scalar fields in a thermal state at arbitrary temperature is studied near the horizon of a Reissner-Nordström black hole. We derived an analytic form of $<ϕ^2>$ approximately in the large mass limit near the black hole horizon. We uses the zeroth order WKB approximation and power series expansion near the horizon for the Euclideanized mode function. Our formula for the vacuum polarization shows regular behavior on the horizon if the temperature of the scalar field is equal to the Hawking temperature of the black hole. The finite part of the vacuum polarization ag…
We calculate the vacuum average value of the field square and the stress-energy tensor of a massive scalar field, with non-minimal coupling $ξ$ to the curvature in the short-throat flat-space wormhole background. The obtained results are not suitable for an analytical analysis and for this reason we provide a numerical analysis for different values of the coupling constant, $ξ$. It was shown that the vacuum polarization cannot self-consistently support the wormhole. Otherwise, the energy-momentum tensor does not violate the null energy condition near the throat.
The renormalized mean value of the quantum Lagrangian and the corresponding components of the Energy-Momentum tensor for massive spinor fields coupled to an arbitrary gravitational field configuration having cylindrical symmetry are analytically evaluated using the Schwinger-DeWitt approximation, up to second order in the inverse mass value. The general results are employed to explicitly derive compact analytical expressions for the quantum mean Lagrangian and Energy- Momentum tensor in the particular background of the Black-String space-time.
In a general metric theory of gravitation in four dimensions, six polarizations of a gravitational wave are allowed: two scalar and two vector modes, in addition to two tensor modes in general relativity. Such additional polarization modes appear due to additional degrees of freedom in modified gravity theories. Also graviton mass, which could be different in each polarization, is another characteristic of modification of gravity. Thus, testing the existence of additional polarization modes and graviton mass can be a model-independent test of gravity theories. Here we extend the previous frame…
The approximation of the renormalized stress-energy tensor of the quantized massive scalar field in Reissner-Nordström spacetime is constructed. It is achieved by functional differentiation of the first two nonvanishing terms of the Schwinger-DeWitt expansion involving the coincidence limit of the Hadamard-Minakshisundaram-DeWitt-Seely coefficients $[a_{3}]$ and $[a_{4}]$ with respect to the metric tensor. It is shown, by comparison with the existing numerical results, that inclusion of the second-order term leads to substantial improvement of the approximation of the exact stress-energy tenso…
After a brief review of the work of de Paula, Miranda and Marinho on massive gravitational waves arising from a bimetric theory of gravity, in this paper it is shown that the presence of the mass generates a longi- tudinal component in a particular polarization of the wave. The effect of this polarization on test masses is performed using the geodesic deviation. A the end of this paper the detectability of this particular polarization is also discussed, showing that its angular dependence could, in princi- ple, discriminate such polarization with respect the two ones of general relativity, if …
The approximate renormalized stress-energy tensor of the quantized massive conformally coupled scalar field in the spacetime of electrically charged nonlinear black hole is constructed. It is achieved by functional differentiation of the lowest order of the DeWitt-Schwinger effective action involving coincidence limit of the Hadamard-Minakshisundaram-DeWitt-Seely coefficient $a_{3}.$ The result is compared with the analogous result derived for the Reissner-Nordström black hole. It is shown that the most important differences occur in the vicinity of the event horizon of the black hole near the…
We present new results involving general higher-curvature gravities in three dimensions. The most general Lagrangian can be written as a function of the Ricci scalar $R$, $\mathcal{S}_2\equiv \tilde R_{a}^b \tilde R_b^a$ and $\mathcal{S}_3\equiv \tilde R_a^b \tilde R_b^c \tilde R_c^a$ where $\tilde R_{ab}$ is the traceless part of the Ricci tensor. First, we provide a formula for the exact number of independent order-$n$ densities, $\#(n)$. This satisfies the identity $\#(n-6)=\#(n)-n$. Then, we show that, linearized around a general Einstein solution, a generic order-$n\geq 2$ density can be …
We consider a model where massive static spherically symmetric black hole, in the presence of power-Yang-Mills source, is surrounded by a dark fluid with non-linear equation of state. In this set up we construct a new class of magnetized Lovelock black hole solutions of the gravitational field equations. In particular, we work out the metric functions in both D-dimensional massive Einstein and massive Gauss-Bonnet gravities. We study thermodynamics of these black holes also and show that the mass and associated thermodynamic quantities like Hawking temperature and heat capacity depend on param…
New Massive Gravity provides a non-linear extension of the Fierz-Pauli mass for gravitons in 2+1 dimensions. Here we construct a Weyl invariant version of this theory. When the Weyl symmetry is broken, the graviton gets a mass in analogy with the Higgs mechanism. In (anti)-de Sitter backgrounds, the symmetry can be broken spontaneously, but in flat backgrounds radiative corrections, at the two loop level, break the Weyl symmetry a la Coleman-Weinberg mechanism. We also construct the Weyl invariant extensions of some other higher derivative models, such as the Gauss-Bonnet theory (which reduces…
We study the vacuum polarization of a massive scalar field $ϕ$ with arbitrary coupling to gravity in pointlike global monopole spacetime. Using Schwinger-DeWitt proper time formalism, we calculate the vacuum expectation value $<ϕ^{2}>$, when the Compton length of the quantum field is much less than the characteristic radius of the curvature of the background geometry, and we can ignore nonlocal contributions. Explicit analytic expressions are obtained for a general curvature coupling parameter, and specified to the more physical cases of minimal and conformal coupling. Comparing the leading te…
This paper is devoted to the construction of the renormalized quantum stress energy tensor $\left<T_μ^ν\right>_{ren}$ for a massive scalar field with arbitrary coupling to the gravitational field of a pointlike global monopole, using the Schwinger-DeWitt approximation, up to second order in the inverse mass $μ$ of the field. The given stress energy tensor is constructed by functional differentiation with respect to the metric tensor of the one-loop effective action of sufficiently massive scalar field, such that the Compton length of the quantum field is much less than the characteristic radiu…
We investigate the massive graviton stability of the BTZ black hole obtained from three dimensional massive gravities which are classified into the parity-even and parity-odd gravity theories. In the parity-even gravity theory, we perform the $s$-mode stability analysis by using the BTZ black string perturbations, which gives two Schrödinger equations with frequency-dependent potentials. The $s$-mode stability is consistent with the generalized Breitenlohner-Freedman bound for spin-2 field. It seems that for the parity-odd massive gravity theory, the BTZ black hole is stable when the imaginary…
We investigate static spherically symmetric solutions of nonlinear massive gravities. We first identify, in an ansatz appropriate to the study of those solutions, the analog of the decoupling limit (DL) that has been used in the Goldstone picture description. We show that the system of equations left over in the DL has regular solutions featuring a Vainshtein-like recovery of solutions of General Relativity (GR). Hence, the singularities found to arise integrating the full nonlinear system of equations are not present in the DL, despite the fact those singularities are usually thought to be du…
We compute the entropies for general curvature squared gravities in arbitrary dimensions using the conserved charge and Virasoro algebra from surface term. We introduce an auxiliary tensor field in order to obtain the boundary action which establish a variational principle. Our results reproduce those in some specific models, that is, the Gauss-Bonnet, new massive gravity (NMG), and critical gravity.
We obtain the Misner-Sharp mass in the massive gravity for a four dimensional spacetime with a two dimensional maximally symmetric subspace via the inverse unified first law method. Significantly, the stress energy is conserved in this case with a widely used reference metric. Based on this property we confirm the derived Misner-Sharp mass by the conserved charge method. We find that the existence of the Misner-sharp mass in this case does not lead to extra constraint for the massive gravity, which is notable in modified gravities. In addition, as a special case, we also investigate the Misner…
It is well-known that there is no spherical/topologically spherical gravitational waves in vacuum space in general relativity. We show that a deviation from general relativity leads to exact vacuum spherical gravitational waves, no matter how tiny this deviation is. We also discuss the related topics, including Vaidya-like metric in $f(R)$ gravity. We demonstrate that the existence of spherical gravitational wave is a non perturbative property for gravities. We investigate energy carried by this nonperturbative wave. We first find the wave solution from investigations of Vaidya-like metric in …
We investigate the influence of vacuum polarization of quantum massive fields on the scalar sector of quasinormal modes in spherically symmetric black holes. We consider the evolution of a massless scalar field on the spacetime corresponding to a charged semiclassical black hole, consisting of the quantum corrected geometry of a Reissner-Nordström black hole dressed by a quantum massive scalar field in the large mass limit. Using a sixth order WKB approach we find the shift in the quasinormal mode frequencies due to vacuum polarization .
f(Lovelock) gravities are simple generalizations of the usual f(R) and Lovelock theories in which the gravitational action depends on some arbitrary function of the corresponding dimensionally-extended Euler densities. In this paper we study several aspects of these theories in general dimensions. We start by identifying the generalized boundary term which makes the gravitational variational problem well-posed. Then, we show that these theories are equivalent to certain scalar-tensor theories and how this relation is characterized by the Hessian of f. We also study the linearized equations of …
The direct detection of gravitational waves by LIGO/Virgo opened the possibility to test General Relativity and its alternatives in the high speed, strong field regime. Alternative theories of gravity generally predict more polarizations than General Relativity, so it is important to study the polarization contents of theories of gravity to reveal the nature of gravity. In this talk, we analyzed the polarizations contents of Horndeski theory and $f(R)$ gravity. We found out that in addition to the familiar plus and cross polarizations, a \emph{massless} Horndeski theory predicts an extra trans…
Recently, some papers in the literature have shown that, from a bimetric theory of gravity, it is possible to produce massive gravitational waves which generate a longitudinal component in a particular polarization of the wave. After a review of previous works, in this paper the longitudinal response function of interferometers for this particular polarization of the wave is computed in two different gauges, showing the gauge invariance, and in its full frequency dependence, with specific application to the Virgo and LIGO interferometers.
We investigate the gravitational waves and their properties in various modified teleparallel theories, such as $f(T), f(T,B)$ and $f(T,T_G)$ gravities. We perform the perturbation analysis both around a Minkowski background, as well as in the case where a cosmological constant is present, and for clarity we use both the metric and tetrad language. For $f(T)$ gravity we verify the result that no further polarization modes comparing to general relativity are present at first-order perturbation level, and we show that in order to see extra modes one should look at third-order perturbations. For n…
We explore the nonlinear classical dynamics of the three-dimensional theory of "New Massive Gravity" proposed by Bergshoeff, Hohm and Townsend. We find that the theory passes remarkably highly nontrivial consistency checks at the nonlinear level. In particular, we show that: (1) In the decoupling limit of the theory, the interactions of the helicity-0 mode are described by a single cubic term -- the so-called cubic Galileon -- previously found in the context of the DGP model and in certain 4D massive gravities. (2) The conformal mode of the metric coincides with the helicity-0 mode in the deco…
We linearize the field equations for higher order theories that contain scalar invariants other than the Ricci scalar. We find that besides a massless spin-2 field (the standard graviton), the theory contains also spin-0 and spin-2 massive modes with the latter being, in general, ghost modes. Then, we investigate the possible detectability of such additional polarization modes of a stochastic gravitational wave by ground-based and space interferometric detectors. Finally, we extend the formalism of the cross-correlation analysis, including the additional polarization modes, and calculate the d…
Motivated by recent progresses in the field of massive gravity, the paper at hand investigates the thermodynamical structure of black holes with three specific generalizations: i) Gauss-Bonnet gravity which is motivated from string theory ii) PMI nonlinear electromagnetic field which is motivated from perspective of the QED correction iii) massive gravity which is motivated by obtaining the modification of standard general relativity. The exact solutions of this setup are extracted which are interpreted as black holes. In addition, thermodynamical quantities of the solutions are calculated and…
We study the polarizations of gravitational waves (GWs) in two classes of extended gravity theories. First, we formulate the polarizations in linear massive gravity (MG) with generic mass terms of non-Fierz-Pauli type by identifying all the independent variables that obey Klein-Gordon-type equations. The dynamical degrees of freedom (dofs) in the generic MG consist of spin-2 and spin-0 modes, the former breaking down into two tensor (helicity-2), two vector (helicity-1) and one scalar (helicity-0) components, while the latter just corresponding to a scalar. We find convenient ways of decomposi…
Using the Newman-Penrose formalism, we obtain the explicit expressions for the polarization modes of weak, plane gravitational waves with a massive graviton. Our analysis is restricted for a specific bimetric theory whose term of mass, for the graviton, appears as an effective extra contribution to the stress-energy tensor. We obtain for such kind of theory that the extra states of polarization have amplitude several orders of magnitude smaller than the polarizations purely general relativity (GR), h_(+) and h_(x), in the VIRGO-LIGO frequency band. This result appears using the best limit to t…
We study in this paper three different theories of gravitation with massive gravitons - the modified Fierz-Pauli (FP) model, Massive Gravity and the bimetric theory proposed by Visser - in linear perturbation theory around a Minkowski and a flat FRW background. For the TT tensor perturbations we show that the three theories give rise to the same dynamical equations and to the same form of the Boltzmann equations for the radiative transfer in General Relativity (GR). We then analyze vector perturbations in these theories and show that they do not give the same results as in the previous case. W…
Starting from the Frolov-Zel'nikov stress-energy tensor of quantum massive fields in the Schwarzschild background, we recover the contribution $S_{q}$ of these field into the entropy of a black hole. For fermions with the spin $%s=1/2$ $S_{q}>0$, for scalar fields $S_{q}>0$ provided the coupling parameter is restricted to some interval, and $S_{q}<0$ for vector fields. The appearance of negative values of $S_{q}$ is attributed to the fact that in the situation under discussion there are no real quanta to contribute to the entropy, so $S_{q}$ is due to vacuum polarization entirely and has nothi…
