Security bounds for the eavesdropping collective attacks on general CV-QKD protocols

集体噪声信道上六态量子密钥分发中由窃听引起的噪声降低

Noise reduction caused by eavesdropping on six-state quantum key distribution over collective-noise channel

研究集体幺正噪声信道下容错六态QKD，证明截获/重发与纠缠探针攻击在特定场景中反而提高合法用户共享随机比特的概率，从而增加区分噪声与窃听的难度。

Eavesdropping and countermeasures for backflash side channel in quantum cryptography

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises information theoretic secure key as long as the device performs as assumed in the theoretical model. One of the assumptions is an absence of information leakage about individual photon detection outcomes of the receiver unit. Here we investigate the information leakage from a QKD receiver due to photon emission caused by detection events in single-photon detectors (backflash). We test commercial silicon avalanche photodiodes and a photomultiplier tube, and find that the former emit backflashes. We study the spectral, timing and polarization characteristi…

Joint eavesdropping on the BB84 decoy state protocol with an arbitrary passive light-source side channel

Passive light-source side channel in quantum key distribution (QKD) makes the quantum signals more distinguishable thus provides additional information about the quantum signal to an eavesdropper. The explicit eavesdropping strategies aimed at the passive side channel known to date were limited to the separate measurement of the passive side channel in addition to the operational degree of freedom. Here we show how to account for the joint eavesdropping on both operational degree of freedom and the passive side channel of the generic form. In particular, we use the optimal phase-covariant clon…

有限窃听条件下实用光纤连续变量量子密钥分发的安全性分析

The Security Analysis of Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution under Limited Eavesdropping with Practical Fiber

本文基于隐形传态集体攻击模型，分析实用光纤损耗对连续变量QKD窃听能力的影响，发现有限纠缠下最优攻击为单站近发射端攻击，实际密钥率可提升20%~40%，且光纤损耗总体上有利于实际系统安全性与性能。

Quantum Eavesdropping without Interception: An Attack Exploiting the Dead Time of Single Photon Detectors

The security of quantum key distribution (QKD) can easily be obscured if the eavesdropper can utilize technical imperfections of the actual implementation. Here we describe and experimentally demonstrate a very simple but highly effective attack which even does not need to intercept the quantum channel at all. Only by exploiting the dead time effect of single photon detectors the eavesdropper is able to gain (asymptotically) full information about the generated keys without being detected by state-of-the-art QKD protocols. In our experiment, the eavesdropper inferred up to 98.8% of the key cor…

Multi-user quantum key distribution with collective eavesdropping detection over collective-noise channels

A multi-user quantum key distribution protocol is proposed with single particles and the collective eavesdropping detection strategy on a star network. By utilizing this protocol, any two users of the network can accomplish quantum key distribution with the help of a serving center. Due to the utilization of collective eavesdropping detection strategy, the users of the protocol just need have the ability of performing certain unitary operations. Furthermore, we present three fault-tolerant versions of the proposed protocol, which can combat with the errors over different collective-noise chann…

Symmetric collective attacks for the eavesdropping of symmetric quantum key distribution

We consider the collective eavesdropping of the BB84 and six-state protocols. Since these protocols are symmetric in the eigenstates of conjugate bases, we consider collective attacks having the same kind of symmetry. We then show how these symmetric collective attacks are sufficiently strong in order to minimize the Devetak-Winter rates. In fact, it is quite easy to construct simple examples able to reach the unconditionally-secure key-rates of these protocols.

Unconditional optimality of Gaussian attacks against continuous-variable QKD

A fully general approach to the security analysis of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is presented. Provided that the quantum channel is estimated via the covariance matrix of the quadratures, Gaussian attacks are shown to be optimal against all eavesdropping strategies, including collective and coherent attacks. The proof is made strikingly simple by combining a physical model of measurement, an entanglement-based description of CV-QKD, and a recent powerful result on the extremality of Gaussian states [Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 080502 (2006)].

Performance of Quantum Key Distribution Protocol with Dual-Rail Displaced Photon States

We propose a scheme for quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol with dual-rail displaced photon states. Displaced single photon states carry bit value of code which may be extracted while coherent states carry nothing and they only provide inconclusive outcome. Developed QKD protocol works with experimental attendant noise to observe presence of malicious Eve. Pulses with large amplitudes unlike conventional QKD relying on faint laser pulses are used that may approximate it to standard telecommunication communication and may show resistance to eavesdropping even in settings with high attenuati…

Hacking commercial quantum cryptography systems by tailored bright illumination

The peculiar properties of quantum mechanics allow two remote parties to communicate a private, secret key, which is protected from eavesdropping by the laws of physics. So-called quantum key distribution (QKD) implementations always rely on detectors to measure the relevant quantum property of single photons. Here we demonstrate experimentally that the detectors in two commercially available QKD systems can be fully remote-controlled using specially tailored bright illumination. This makes it possible to tracelessly acquire the full secret key; we propose an eavesdropping apparatus built of o…

How not to discard half of the cases in QKD

All known QKD protocols require the parties to discard the results when they have chosen differen bases. In this paper we show that it is not necessary. We give examples of QKD protocols that are as safe as standard ones but do not involve the discarding the results when the bases are different or even that do not require the announcement of the bases. This leads to greater communication channel capacities and render some eavesdropping strategies useless but the most important thing is that they provide us better insight into the general structures that underlie the quantum cryptography and he…

BB84量子密钥分发中量子比特误差率分析：测量、统计估计与窃听检测

Quantum Bit Error Rate Analysis in BB84 Quantum Key Distribution: Measurement, Statistical Estimation, and Eavesdropping Detection

本文分析BB84协议中量子比特误差率（QBER）的计算、统计估计方法及其在窃听检测中的作用，探讨了有限密钥场景下的置信区间估计方法，并讨论了改进协议以增强不同QKD系统抗窃听能力的策略。

量子密钥分发中无探针与基于探针的可变强度窃听

Probeless vs Probe-Based Variable-Strength Eavesdropping in Quantum Key Distribution

本文比较QKD中基于探针的弱测量与无探针部分测量窃听，计算信息增益和QBER，并通过兼容数据中心的BB84实验验证部分测量模型及实际攻击可行性。

Two-Point Attack on the Two Nonorthogonal State QKD Protocol over a Fiber-Optic Channel

We suggest here a two-point eavesdropping strategy to two nonorthogonal states protocol of quantum key distribution over a fiber-optic channel. Suppose that the single-photon sources and detectors of Alice, Bob and Eves are ideal ones, the two-point attack can break the two nonorthogonal states protocol if the distance between Alice and Bob is sufficiently long. For single-photon type B92 protocol, the upper bound of distance is about 30 kilometers. It is interesting that Bennett's original multi-photon protocol is secure against both two-point attack and beam splitting attack, even if the pro…

Quantum key distribution based on a quantum retrodiction protocol

This paper is withdrawn. We study the quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol based on a quantum retrodiction protocol, namely the so-called mean king problem. The security is analyzed by considering the eavesdropping on both the preparation of the entangled pair and the transmission of the quantum state. This QKD protocol can generate efficiently a bit of raw key in every single run. We find that, for qubit system, it is more secure than the QKD Bennett-Brassard 1984 protocol and the six-state protocol. This QKD protocol works also for higher dimensional system.

Third Party CNOT Attack on MDI QKD

In this letter, we concentrate on the very recently proposed Measurement Device Independent Quantum Key Distribution (MDI QKD) protocol by Lo, Curty and Qi (PRL, 2012). We study how one can suitably present an eavesdropping strategy on MDI QKD, that is in the direction of the fundamental CNOT attack on BB84 protocol, though our approach is quite different. In this strategy, Eve will be able to know expected half of the secret bits communicated between Alice and Bob with certainty (probability 1) without introducing any error. Further, for the remaining bits, where Eve will only be able to pred…

QKD作为量子机器学习任务

QKD as a Quantum Machine Learning task

本文提出将量子密钥分发协议作为量子机器学习任务，通过QML优化BB84协议上的窃听攻击，在无噪声下找到最优个体攻击电路，在有噪声下提出超越已知方法的克隆算法，并构建集体攻击。

Unconditional Security of Three State Quantum Key Distribution Protocols

Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols are cryptographic techniques with security based only on the laws of quantum mechanics. Two prominent QKD schemes are the BB84 and B92 protocols that use four and two quantum states, respectively. In 2000, Phoenix et al. proposed a new family of three state protocols that offers advantages over the previous schemes. Until now, an error rate threshold for security of the symmetric trine spherical code QKD protocol has only been shown for the trivial intercept/resend eavesdropping strategy. In this paper, we prove the unconditional security of the trine s…

快速衰落信道下连续变量量子密钥分发中平均方法的作用

The role of averages in CV-QKD over fast fading channels

本文针对快速衰落信道下的CV-QKD协议，对比分析HBA与CMA两种平均处理的窃听安全模型，推导其解析表达式，发现信道波动处理方式显著影响SKR，需选取适配实际实现的安全模型。

Teleportation-based collective attacks in Gaussian quantum key distribution

In Gaussian quantum key distribution eavesdropping attacks are conventionally modeled through the universal entangling cloner scheme, which is based on the premise that the whole environment is under control of the adversary, i.e., the eavesdropper purifies the system. This assumption implies that the eavesdropper has either access to an identity (noiseless) channel or infinite amount of entanglement in order to simulate such an identity channel. In this work, we challenge the necessity of this assumption, and we propose a teleportation-based eavesdropping attack, where the eavesdropper is not…

Comment on "Quantum Key Distribution in the Holevo Limit"

In a Letter, Cabello proposed a quantum key distribution (QKD) Protocol which attended to Holevo limit. In this comment, we show that Eve could use a simple plan to distinguish among quantum keys, without being detected by Alice and Bob. In following, we show that our approach is not restricted to Cabello Protocol. With attention to our Eavesdropping approach, it seems that Mor's arguments for no-cloning principal for orthogonal states is not general enough to avoid eavesdropping.

Finite-key analysis for time-energy high-dimensional quantum key distribution

Time-energy high-dimensional quantum key distribution (HD-QKD) leverages the high-dimensional nature of time-energy entangled biphotons and the loss tolerance of single-photon detection to achieve long-distance key distribution with high photon information efficiency. To date, the general-attack security of HD-QKD has only been proven in the asymptotic regime, while HD-QKD's finite-key security has only been established for a limited set of attacks. Here we fill this gap by providing a rigorous HD-QKD security proof for general attacks in the finite-key regime. Our proof relies on a novel entr…

量子互联网简述——利用离子阱推进量子通信

Quantum Internet in a Nutshell -- Advancing Quantum Communication with Ion Traps

本文在离子阱量子计算机上模拟QKD协议，通过注入噪声和引入小型QEC码研究其对噪声的抑制与监测作用，提出QEC可作为量子通信隐私认证手段。

Quantum key distribution with untrusted detectors

Side-channel attacks currently constitute the main challenge for quantum key distribution (QKD) to bridge theory with practice. So far two main approaches have been introduced to address this problem, (full) device-independent QKD and measurement-device-independent QKD. Here we present a third solution that might exceed the performance and practicality of the previous two in circumventing detector side-channel attacks, which arguably is the most hazardous part of QKD implementations. Our proposal has, however, one main requirement: the legitimate users of the system need to ensure that their l…

Security of quantum key distribution with detection-efficiency mismatch in the multiphoton case

Detection-efficiency mismatch is a common problem in practical quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. Current security proofs of QKD with detection-efficiency mismatch rely either on the assumption of the single-photon light source on the sender side or on the assumption of the single-photon input of the receiver side. These assumptions impose restrictions on the class of possible eavesdropping strategies. Here we present a rigorous security proof without these assumptions and, thus, solve this important problem and prove the security of QKD with detection-efficiency mismatch against general …

对于非正交QKD信号，最优集体测量能否优于个体测量？

Can optimal collective measurements outperform individual measurements for non-orthogonal QKD signals?

针对非正交QKD信号，基于算子代数和奇异值分解框架寻找最优测量，发现最优von Neumann测量优于POVMs，且集体测量不优于个体测量。

抗恶意节点的量子密钥分发网络分布式信息论安全协议

Distributed Information-theoretical Secure Protocols for Quantum Key Distribution Networks against Malicious Nodes

针对量子密钥分发网络中恶意节点主动攻击的安全威胁，提出基于分布式系统的信息论安全新范式，含分布式认证与容错共识方法，相较传统方案显著降低认证密钥消耗增长。

具有用户定义输出长度要求的非理想场景下高效量子密钥分发（QKD）

Efficient QKD in Non-Ideal Scenarios with User-Defined Output Length Requirements

针对QKD系统分层架构中密钥缓冲区高需求下易耗尽的问题，提出可变长度BB84协议及动态参数配置方法，可满足非理想场景下用户自定义密钥长度要求，优化量子资源利用，助力量子网络规模化发展。

安全的量子通信：量子密钥分发协议的模拟与分析

Secure Quantum Communication: Simulation and Analysis of Quantum Key Distribution Protocols

本文基于IBM Qiskit框架对BB84、B92和E91等量子密钥分发协议进行模拟分析，研究噪声、退相干和窃听等现实量子信道效应，评估协议性能并探讨QKD在量子时代应用的可行性。

基于量子开关攻击的量子密钥分发破解

Breaking Quantum Key Distributions under Quantum Switch-Based Attack

本文提出一种利用不定因果序量子开关的新型窃听攻击，通过信息增益、互信息和贝尔违反等指标证明该攻击能显著破坏QKD安全性，揭示了此前被忽视的漏洞并强调需要新的防御对策。

Security of subcarrier wave quantum key distribution against the collective beam-splitting attack

We consider a subcarrier wave quantum key distribution (QKD) system, where the quantum en- coding is carried by weak sidebands generated to a coherent optical beam by means of an electrooptic phase modulation. We study the security of two protocols, B92 and BB84, against one of the most powerful attacks on the systems of this class: the collective beam splitting attack. We show that a subcarrier wave QKD system with realistic parameters is capable of distributing a cryptographic key over large distances. We show also that a modification of the BB84 protocol, with discrimina- tion of only one s…

Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks

We present the optimal collective attack on a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol in the "device-independent" security scenario, where no assumptions are made about the way the QKD devices work or on what quantum system they operate. Our main result is a tight bound on the Holevo information between one of the authorized parties and the eavesdropper, as a function of the amount of violation of a Bell-type inequality.

在集体攻击下具有增强鲁棒性的安全单边设备无关量子密钥分发

Secure One-Sided Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Under Collective Attacks with Enhanced Robustness

本文提出了一种在集体攻击下具有增强鲁棒性的单边设备无关量子密钥分发协议，通过减少安全分析到贝尔对角态的混合物，实现了更高的量子比特错误率容忍度和更低的检测效率要求。

Continuous variable quantum cryptography using coherent states

We propose several methods for quantum key distribution (QKD) based upon the generation and transmission of random distributions of coherent or squeezed states, and we show that they are are secure against individual eavesdropping attacks. These protocols require that the transmission of the optical line between Alice and Bob is larger than 50 %, but they do not rely on "non-classical" features such as squeezing. Their security is a direct consequence of the no-cloning theorem, that limits the signal to noise ratio of possible quantum measurements on the transmission line. Our approach can als…

利用量子傅里叶变换提高量子密码学中的干扰检测

Increasing Interference Detection in Quantum Cryptography using the Quantum Fourier Transform

本文提出两种基于量子傅里叶变换的量子密码协议，即使在攻击者仅测量部分量子比特时也能提高窃听检测效率，其中一种QKD方法不依赖量子存储器，并提供了分析方程供设计者定制方案。

Quantum Key Distribution using Multilevel Encoding: Security Analysis

We present security proofs for a protocol for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) based on encoding in finite high-dimensional Hilbert spaces. This protocol is an extension of Bennett's and Brassard's basic protocol from two bases, two state encoding to a multi bases, multi state encoding. We analyze the mutual information between the legitimate parties and the eavesdropper, and the error rate, as function of the dimension of the Hilbert space, while considering optimal incoherent and coherent eavesdropping attacks. We obtain the upper limit for the legitimate party error rate to ensure uncondition…

Security Against Collective Attacks of a Modified BB84 QKD Protocol with Information only in One Basis

The Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol BB84 has been proven secure against several important types of attacks: the collective attacks and the joint attacks. Here we analyze the security of a modified BB84 protocol, for which information is sent only in the z basis while testing is done in both the z and the x bases, against collective attacks. The proof follows the framework of a previous paper (Boyer, Gelles, and Mor, 2009), but it avoids the classical information-theoretical analysis that caused problems with composability. We show that this modified BB84 protocol is as secure against c…

Security of Continuous-variable quantum cryptography using coherent states: Decline of postselection advantage

We investigate the security of continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) using coherent states in the presence of quadrature excess noise. We consider an eavesdropping attack which uses a linear amplifier and beam splitter. This attack makes a link between beam-splitting attack and intercept-resend attack (classical teleportation attack). We also show how postselection loses its efficiency in a realistic channel.

Insecurity of detector-device-independent quantum key distribution

Detector-device-independent quantum key distribution (ddiQKD) held the promise of being robust to detector side-channels, a major security loophole in QKD implementations. In contrast to what has been claimed, however, we demonstrate that the security of ddiQKD is not based on post-selected entanglement, and we introduce various eavesdropping strategies that show that ddiQKD is in fact insecure against detector side-channel attacks as well as against other attacks that exploit device's imperfections of the receiver. Our attacks are valid even when the QKD apparatuses are built by the legitimat…

Sending or not sending twin-field quantum key distribution with distinguishable decoy states

Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) and its variants can overcome the fundamental rate-distance limit of QKD which has been demonstrated in the laboratory and field while their physical implementations with side channels remains to be further researched. We find the external modulation of different intensity states through the test, required in those TF-QKD with post-phase compensation, shows a side channel in frequency domain. Based on this, we propose a complete and undetected eavesdropping attack, named passive frequency shift attack, on sending or not-sending (SNS) TF-QKD protocol…

具有不完美性的量子密钥分发：安全证明的最新进展

Quantum Key Distribution with Imperfections: Recent Advances in Security Proofs

本文综述了量子密钥分发安全证明的最新进展，重点介绍如何通过分析和数值方法纳入实际不完美性，从而在现实条件下重建量子通信协议的安全性。

Backflash Light as a Security Vulnerability in Quantum Key Distribution Systems

Based on the fundamental rules of quantum mechanics, two communicating parties can generate and share a secret random key that can be used to encrypt and decrypt messages sent over an insecure channel. This process is known as quantum key distribution (QKD). Contrary to classical encryption schemes, the security of a QKD system does not depend on the computational complexity of specific mathematical problems. However, QKD systems can be subject to different kinds of attacks, exploiting engineering and technical imperfections of the components forming the systems. Here, we review the security v…

Composable security against collective attacks of a modified BB84 QKD protocol with information only in one basis

Quantum Cryptography uses the counter-intuitive properties of Quantum Mechanics for performing cryptographic tasks in a secure and reliable way. The Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol BB84 has been proven secure against several important types of attacks: collective attacks and joint attacks. Here we analyze the security of a modified BB84 protocol, for which information is sent only in the z basis while testing is done in both the z and the x bases, against collective attacks. The proof follows the framework of a previous paper (Boyer, Gelles, and Mor, 2009), but it avoids a classical in…

Device-independent quantum key distribution secure against collective attacks

Device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD) represents a relaxation of the security assumptions made in usual quantum key distribution (QKD). As in usual QKD, the security of DIQKD follows from the laws of quantum physics, but contrary to usual QKD, it does not rely on any assumptions about the internal working of the quantum devices used in the protocol. We present here in detail the security proof for a DIQKD protocol introduced in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 230501 (2008)]. This proof exploits the full structure of quantum theory (as opposed to other proofs that exploit the no-signalling …

QKD with finite resources: secret key rates via Rényi entropies

A realistic Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol necessarily deals with finite resources, such as the number of signals exchanged by the two parties. We derive a bound on the secret key rate which is expressed as an optimization problem over Rényi entropies. Under the assumption of collective attacks by an eavesdropper, a computable estimate of our bound for the six-state protocol is provided. This bound leads to improved key rates in comparison to previous results.

量子密钥分发中相位误差估计的改进后选择安全性分析

Improved postselection security analysis of phase error estimation in quantum key distribution

本文提出一种将集体攻击与相干攻击下相位误差估计失败概率相关联的方法，使相干攻击下的参数估计可利用独立同分布假设，从而改进多种QKD协议的有限密钥率性能。

$\mathcal{PT}$-Symmetric Quantum State Discrimination for Attack on BB84 Quantum Key Distribution

Quantum Key Distribution or QKD provides symmetric key distribution using the quantum mechanics/channels with new security properties. The security of QKD relies on the difficulty of the quantum state discrimination problem. We discover that the recent developments in $\mathcal{PT}$ symmetry can be used to expedite the quantum state discrimination problem and therefore to attack the BB84 QKD scheme. We analyze the security of the BB84 scheme and show that the attack significantly increases the eavesdropping success rate over the previous Hermitian quantum state discrimination approach. We desi…

Security bounds for efficient decoy-state quantum key distribution

Information-theoretical security of quantum key distribution (QKD) has been convincingly proven in recent years and remarkable experiments have shown the potential of QKD for real world applications. Due to its unique capability of combining high key rate and security in a realistic finite-size scenario, the efficient version of the BB84 QKD protocol endowed with decoy states has been subject of intensive research. Its recent experimental implementation finally demonstrated a secure key rate beyond 1 Mbps over a 50 km optical fiber. However the achieved rate holds under the restrictive assumpt…

A security proof of continuous-variable QKD using three coherent states

We introduce a ternary quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol and asymptotic security proof based on three coherent states and homodyne detection. Previous work had considered the binary case of two coherent states and here we nontrivially extend this to three. Our motivation is to leverage the practical benefits of both discrete and continuous (Gaussian) encoding schemes creating a best-of-both-worlds approach; namely, the postprocessing of discrete encodings and the hardware benefits of continuous ones. We present a thorough and detailed security proof in the limit of infinite signal states…

Review on recent groundbreaking experiments on quantum communication with orthogonal states

In recent years Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has emerged as the most paradigmatic example of Quantum technology allowing the realization of intrinsically secure communication links over hundreds of kilometers. Beyond its commercial interest QKD also has high conceptual relevance in the study of quantum information theory and the foundations of quantum mechanics. In particular, the discussion on the minimal resources needed in order to obtain absolutely secure quantum communication is yet to be concluded. Here we present an overview on our last experimental results concerning two novel quantu…

Lightweight authenticated quantum key distribution protocols with key recycling

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been developed for decades and several different QKD protocols have been proposed. But two difficulties limit the implementation of most QKD protocols. First, the involved participants are required to have heavy quantum capabilities, such as quantum joint operation, quantum register, and so on. Second, a hypothetical authenticated classical channel is used in most of the existing QKD protocols and this assumed channel does not exist in reality. To solve both the above limitations at the same time, this study proposes three lightweight authenticated QKD protoc…

Security of a new two-way continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol

The original two-way continuous-variable quantum-key-distribution (CV QKD) protocols [S. Pirandola, S. Mancini, S. Lloyd, and S. L. Braunstein, Nature Physics 4, 726 (2008)] give the security against the collective attack on the condition of the tomography of the quantum channels. We propose a family of new two-way CV QKD protocols and prove their security against collective entangling cloner attacks without the tomography of the quantum channels. The simulation result indicates that the new protocols maintain the same advantage as the original two-way protocols whose tolerable excess noise su…

Experimental Quantum Key Distribution at 1.3 Gbit/s Secret-Key Rate over a 10-dB-Loss Channel

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables unconditionally secure communication ensured by the laws of physics, opening a promising route to security infrastructure for the coming age of quantum computers. QKD's demonstrated secret-key rates (SKRs), however, fall far short of the gigabit-per-second rates of classical communication, hindering QKD's widespread deployment. QKD's low SKRs are largely due to existing single-photon-based protocols' vulnerability to channel loss. Floodlight QKD (FL-QKD) boosts SKR by transmitting many photons per encoding, while offering security against collective attac…

单向通信下抵御独立攻击的量子密钥分发协议的抗噪声能力

Noise Resilience of Quantum Key Distribution Protocols Secured Against Independent Attacks With One-Way Communication

研究单比特量子密钥分发协议在抵御独立窃听攻击及单向经典通信密钥蒸馏场景下的抗噪声能力，引入基于噪声的度量，确定QKD能蒸馏渐近安全密钥的噪声阈值，发现六态协议抗噪声能力最强且后选择效率高，并分析了两种度量。