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arXiv 1104.0564astro-ph.CO
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暗射电源:宇宙学观点- AGN数计数,宇宙X射线背景和SMBH形成

Infrared-Faint Radio Sources: A Cosmological View - AGN Number Counts, the Cosmic X-Ray Background and SMBH Formation

Peter-Christian Zinn, Enno Middelberg, Edo Ibar

摘要:

上下文红外弱射电源(Infrared Faint Radio Source,IFRS)是在射电波段可清楚侦测到的河外辐射源,但在光学和红外线段则几乎无法侦测到或无法侦测到,其5 sigma灵敏度低至1 uJy。目标。最近的SED模型和对它们的射电性质的分析表明,IFRS与3<z<6的高红移活动星系核(可能非常模糊)的种群是一致的。我们展示了一些天体物理的影响,这个人口和比较他们的预测模型的星系演化和结构形成。方法.我们从四次深河外调查中编制了一份IFRS列表,并将IFRS数密度外推至每平方度(30.8 +- 15.0)的独立调查值。我们计算了IFRS对宇宙活动星系核总数的贡献,以解释宇宙X射线背景。通过估算IFRS中包含的黑洞质量,我们给出了早期宇宙中SMBH质量密度的结论,并将其与大爆炸后结构形成的相关模拟进行了比较。结果根据IFRS密度计算出活动星系核的数密度约为310 deg^-2,这相当于红移范围3<z<6的SMBH质量密度为10^3 M_sun Mpc^-3。这产生了在0.5-2.0 keV波段为9 10^-16 W m^-2 deg^-2,在2.0-10 keV波段为3 10^-15 W m^-2 deg^-2的X射线通量,与宇宙X射线背景中缺失的未分辨成分一致。关于大爆炸后SMBH形成的问题,我们发现证据的情况下,涉及晕气体吸积和重大合并。

英文摘要:

Context. Infrared Faint Radio Sources (IFRS) are extragalactic emitters clearly detected at radio wavelengths but barely detected or undetected at optical and infrared wavelengths, with 5 sigma sensitivities as low as 1 uJy. Aims. Recent SED-modelling and analysis of their radio properties shows that IFRS are consistent with a population of (potentially extremely obscured) high-redshift AGN at 3<z<6. We demonstrate some astrophysical implications of this population and compare them to predictions from models of galaxy evolution and structure formation. Methods. We compiled a list of IFRS from four deep extragalactic surveys and extrapolated the IFRS number density to a survey-independent value of (30.8 +- 15.0) per square degree. We computed the IFRS contribution to the total number of AGN in the Universe to account for the Cosmic X-ray Background. By estimating the black hole mass contained in IFRS, we present conclusions for the SMBH mass density in the early universe and compare it to relevant simulations of structure formation after the Big Bang. Results. The number density of AGN derived from the IFRS density was found to be about 310 deg^-2, which is equivalent to a SMBH mass density of the order of 10^3 M_sun Mpc^-3 in the redshift range 3<z<6. This produces an X-ray flux of 9 10^-16 W m^-2 deg^-2 in the 0.5-2.0 keV band and 3 10^-15 W m^-2 deg^-2 in the 2.0-10 keV band, in agreement with the missing unresolved components of the Cosmic X-ray Background. Concerning the problem of SMBH formation after the Big Bang we find evidence for a scenario involving both halo gas accretion and major mergers.

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